Hi Teo,
I'm not sure I know all the answers, but since I'm interested in one of your sentences I'll try to answer:
a. The shop is closed every Sunday. / The shop is closed on Sunday. / The shop is closed on Sunday.
b. See below.
c. The ring is gold in colour
(= it is golden, speaking about the colour). / The gold ring is made of gold.
d. He felt grateful to the man.
e. They had a quick breakfast.
f. It was hard and backbreaking work / The work is hard and backbreaking because the boxes are heavy.
(I'm not very sure about these. I think I don't like "work" and I would prefer "job", but since it depends on the context...)
I was interested in your sentence (b)...
He closes his stall/shop (at) about 4 pm.
... I've never known if sentences like that are ok without "at". I was
once told that "around" was better in those cases. So we better wait
for some expert now