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Spending declined as a separate report released by the Census Bureau showed orders for durable manufactured goods declined a seasonally adjusted 1% to $1.9 billion in November. 

If there aren't the words 'seasonally adjusted' in the sentence, I can leave out 'a', right?

Thanks.

EDIT: Does the 'a seasonally adjusted 1%' work adverbially?
Osaka, Japan
Senior Member 2,805
Please feel free to correct any words I write. LiJ
.

If there aren't the words 'seasonally adjusted' in the sentence, I can leave out 'a', right?-- Yes; in fact, you would have to do so.

Does the 'a seasonally adjusted 1%' work adverbially?-- The cardinal number is a post-determiner, so seasonally is an adverb and adjusted is an adjective modifying percent (%).
.
Veteran Member 61,364
"The question is," said Humpty Dumpty, "which is to be master– that's all."
Understand.
Thanks, Mr M.
Does the 'a seasonally adjusted 1%' work adverbially?-- The cardinal number is a post-determiner, so seasonally is an adverb and adjusted is an adjective modifying percent (%).
Is percent a noun here?

The phrase 'a seasonally adjusted 1%' looks like a noun as a whole. And that raises to me another question: Can the verb decline take a noun as an object? That's why I thought (still think since you haven't said 'NO') the phrase works adverbially although it looks like a noun.
Osaka, Japan
Senior Member 2,805
Please feel free to correct any words I write. LiJ
.
Yes, percent-- even the symbol (%)-- is a noun. How many percent? One percent. That indeed makes a seasonally adjusted 1% a noun phrase.

...declined a seasonally adjusted 1%-- Ah! Now I see what you mean about an adverb function. Yes, maybe it is-- but as the head of a prepositional phrase with an elided preposition??-- ...declined by a seasonally adjusted 1%.

Maybe there will be other opinions.
.
Veteran Member 61,364
"The question is," said Humpty Dumpty, "which is to be master– that's all."
Thanks a million, Mr M.
Understand!

I agree and I often see 'by' being dropped.
Osaka, Japan
Senior Member 2,805
Please feel free to correct any words I write. LiJ