Hi Jackson:
Take a look at the wiki for IPA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet
History of the IPA:
In 1886, a group of French and British language teachers, led by the French linguist Paul Passy, formed what would come to be known (from 1897 onwards) as the International Phonetic Association (in French, l’Association phonétique internationale). The original alphabet was based on a spelling reform for English known as the Romic alphabet, but in order to make it usable for other languages, the values of the symbols were allowed to vary from language to language.For example, the sound (sh in shoe) was originally represented with the letter <c> in English, but with the letter <x> in French.However, in 1888, the alphabet was revised so as to be uniform across languages, thus providing the base for all future revisions.