.
1) The passengers were on board during all the time that the boat remained / was lying in the harbour / at anchor.-- OK
2) They still had still to wait (for) almost / nearly 20 years to become independent.
3) During the end of his term / mandate the president was not very really popular any more / no more very popular. (could "really" and "very" mean the same thing here ?-- Not necessarily; it is ambiguous)
4) He was in London during his study / studies (?) of law.
5) He was thrown out of / thrown off the train.-- Thrown off is much better
6) She wants to go to / enter university.-- OK
7) railwaymen (presumably with 9-pound hammers) / railway workers (ditto) / railway employees (these could include clerical staff, etc) / railmen ?
8) He trembled with cold all night long / throughout the night / the whole night. -- OK