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New2grammar  #507364  Wed, 30 Apr 08 01:48 AM

I was doing my business in the bush. By the time I was done, I noticed there was a herd of elephants near me. I could have got/gotten trampled, a very embarrassing way to die.

Which choice would you use in the US, got or gotten?

 What's the difference between the following.

He has a gun. (I understand it as He owns a gun)

He has got a gun (I understand it as He has obtained a gun)

He has gotten a gun (??? no idea)

Similarly, what's the difference between

He could have been trampled

He could have got trampled

He could have gotten trampled.

Thanks

  
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Marius Hancu  #507366  Wed, 30 Apr 08 02:11 AM
 been is the best

 1 on "could have got trampled"

 2 on "could have gotten trampled"

 77 on "could have been trampled"

http://books.google.com/books?q=%22could+have+been+trampled%22&btnG=Search+Books 

  
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New2grammar  #507369  Wed, 30 Apr 08 02:19 AM

Thanks MH for the statistics. I could be wrong but I believe there are differences between them. Looking at just the statistics tells us nothing more than the frequency of their uses. It's likely that one is used in a rarer situation than the others, but it doesn't mean it's always wrong and replaceble by the others. Please let me know if you need further clarification.

  
Philip  #507389  Wed, 30 Apr 08 03:30 AM
I generally do not use "have" and "got" in the same verb phrase.  In fact, I try to avoid "got" altogether.
  
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CalifJim  #507400  Wed, 30 Apr 08 03:55 AM
 
New2grammar
Which choice would you use in the US, got or gotten?
gotten

 

He has a gun.  -- owns or has on his person or is holding

He has got a gun  -- Same as previous.

He has gotten a gun -- has obtained -- come into the possession of --  by purchase, theft, or loan, or ... (The method by which the gun was obtained is not relevant.)

__________

He could have been trampled.

He could have got trampled.

He could have gotten trampled.

No significant difference except that with gotten it's more likely to be American English.

CJ 


 

 

  
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New2grammar  #507406  Wed, 30 Apr 08 04:11 AM

Hi Philip, Do you mind explaning "have" and "got" in the same verb phrase.  In fact, I try to avoid "got" altogether. "

What is "the same verb phrase"? And do you mean you never use got or not use it in the same verb phrase?

 

  
New2grammar  #507408  Wed, 30 Apr 08 04:14 AM

CJ, can I generalize your answer to all passive constructions like

He could have been trampled/killed/run over/shot/kicked.

He could have got trampled/killed/run over/shot/kicked.

He could have gotten trampled/killed/run over/shot/kicked.

No significant difference except that with gotten it's more likely to be American English.

 

  
Philip  #507419  Wed, 30 Apr 08 04:49 AM
New2grammar

Hi Philip, Do you mind explaning "have" and "got" in the same verb phrase.  In fact, I try to avoid "got" altogether. "

What is "the same verb phrase"? And do you mean you never use got or not use it in the same verb phrase?


In my book, "I've got something to tell you," should be "I have something to tell you."
"I've got to go now" should be "I must leave now".
"I've got a terrific idea" should be "I have a terrific idea."

[I'm talking about formal language here, of course.]


I don't like "got", as it can be used in so many phrases.  I think learners of English should use other words:
I got a nice birthday present: I received a nice birthday present
I got an idea yesterday: I had an idea yesterday
I got your meaning:  I understand your meaning
I got your letter:  Your letter arrived
I got sick:  I became ill

I realize I am a minority in objecting to the overuse of 'got', especially with 'have', but I maintain that there are other ways of expressing the same idea.  "I 'have got' is something I just avoid altogether.
  
CalifJim  #507423  Wed, 30 Apr 08 04:54 AM
 
New2grammar
can I generalize your answer to all passive constructions
You can certainly generalize to the negative actions that can be inflicted upon a person, as shown in your examples.  But you can't apply all three patterns to all past participles.  For example, you may say,

He could have been driven to the station. 

But I would consider it awkward to use got or gotten with driven:

???He could have got/gotten driven to the station.

Likewise:

He could have been heard in the next room.  ???He could have got/gotten heard in the next room. 

Not all past participles work with got/gotten.

CJ 

  
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