One possible guideline:
Most phrasal verbs have the particle "up", "down", "in", "out", "on", or "off".
"away" and "back" are also common as particles; less common are "together" and "apart".
Certain prepositions are almost never used as the particle in a phrasal verb: "into", "to", "from", "for", "with", "without".
And yes, there are exceptions!