May I use the 'ING' form with any verb to create adjectives or nouns?
No.
The adjective 'Telephonic' has it an adverb to be 'Telephonically'? Yes.
When I can use 'The', 'a', 'an' before nouns? An extremely broad question. A and an are usually not used before uncountable nouns and plurals; the is possible with all nouns in the right context.
CB