Sentence analysis

Hello Hela

I'm not an English teacher and I don't think I'm qualified to answer such an intriguing question like this. But I found this remained unanswered, and I don't like to see any question is left unanswered. So I'll try to answer this in spite of my poor grammar knowledge. First of all I would like to remind you that there are many ways to analyze English sentences and the grammar terms in the analyses are defined differently from one scholar to another. So I am quite uncertain about whether my answer will agree with the way your English teachers are teaching.

1)   He is without a job.  
"Without a job" here is an adjectival PP (=prepositional phrase) and works as the subject complement.
2)  She is respected by her students.  
"(He) is respected" is a verbal phrase in a passive construct of "(They) respect (him)".  "By her students" is an adverbial PP indicating the agent of the action "respect".
3-a)  The senator asked the question of the Supreme Court Justice.  
"Ask a question of him" is a formal form of "ask him a question". "The question" is the direct object of the verb "ask" and "of the Supreme Court Justice" is the adverbial PP, which modifies "ask" and indicates the source from which the senator could get the answer of "the question".
3-b)  I ordered myself something to eat.  
"Myself" is a reflective pronoun and here it works as the indirect object of the verb "order". "Something to eat" is the direct object of "order".
3-c)  The antique dealer purchased the World War I plane for the Smithsonian.  
"The World War I plane" is the direct object of "purchase" and "for the Smithsonian" is an adverbial PP to indicate the purpose of "purchase the plane". The Smithsonian Institution is a science museum named after James Smithson who donated the fund.
4)  She is ahead of her fellow students. 
"Ahead" is an adverb and "of her fellow students" is an adverbial PP to modify "ahead".  Semantically "ahead of her fellow students" works as the subject complement.
5)  The Indus was only a glinting trickle far below.  
This sentence is a bit tough to analyze. I take the whole of "a glinting trickle far below" as the subject complement. "Far below" is an adverbial phrase but semantically it works as an adjectival modifier to indicate where the glinting trickle was.
6)  I talked to myself. 
"Talk" here is an intransitive verb and "to myself" is an adverbial PP indicating the direction of "talk".
7)  Talk to me.  
"Talk to me" is an imperative sentence.
8)  I am behind in my rent.  
"Behind" is an adverb and "in my rent" is an adverbial PP, which means "in the process of paying the rent". I take the whole of "behind in my rent" as the subject complement.
9-a)  We had quite a good time.  
"Quite a good time" is the direct object of "had". "Quite" is a pre-determiner adverb and intensifies "good".
9-b)  They are such good friends.  
"Such good friends" is the subject complement. "Such" is a pre-determiner adverb indicating the degree of "good".
10)  All the people in the house left for good.  
"All the people in the house" as a whole works as the subject. "Left (leave)" is an intransitive verb. "For good" is an adverbial PP to indicate the purpose of "leave".

Hi Eugenia,

OK. Post your ideas about this sentence here, and then we will be happy to offer you comments.

Best wishes, Clive