The list could be nearly endless, as we can always find someone who is offended by something. The most common "politically incorrect" terms are those that 'identify' people, such as the one you have already mentioned (although I know many black people who prefer that to African-American -- just as long as you don't say 'negro' or the other highly offensive n-word).
handicapped has become "______-impaired" or "-challenged".
The best advice I can think of is just to speak and write as you assume is correct, then apologize for anything you might have said, make a note of it and go on.