Please help me to check my grammer and sentence structure of my report

RA19 — Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:57:06 GMT

I know this is big, but please try as much as you can help me. Thanks.

Unemployment and inflation are two well-known topics that are often discussed. However, many people do not know that unemployment and inflation have strong influence on each other. Unemployment basically means that number of people who have no job or seeking employment. Conversely, a constant increase in over all âprice levelâ is called inflation (Colander, 157). Unemployment and inflation are both examples of macroeconomic instability. This report will discuss unemployment and inflationâs relationship, affects, and their results on our economic system, our society, and on the population on the basis of the chapter six âUnemployment and Inflationâ from the Real World Macro by Dollar and Sense Collective.

According to the article âThe Natural Rate of Unemploymentâ, Pollin discussed the idea of the natural rate of unemployment, which is also called NAIRU âNon-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment.âÂ¹ Many orthodox economics think that if the unemployment rate decreases from the natural rate of unemployment, which according to economists is a little below than 6%, can cause inflation.Â¹ In 1968, Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize winning economist, invented the theory of âNatural Rate of Unemploymentâ and later the theory was adjusted by mainstream economists and named the âNon-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemploymentâ or NAIRU.Â¹ That is an achievable rate or target that does not cause to increase inflation.Â¹ Friedman also said that NAIRU changes over time, it contingent upon workers, unions and capitalists.Â¹

When unemployment rate goes down, it increases workers demand of increasing wages. Â¹ As compared to the theories of Robert Gordon, Karl Marx, and Michael Kalecki, all were agree that although NAIRU changes over time, but capitalists purposely avoid full employment because it prevent workers to demand more than they deserve and from Friedman view mass unemployment results when workersâ demand increase from their productivity. Â¹ After understanding the class conflict, some important issues can be seen clearly. For instance, workersâ demands of increasing wages do not cause inflation directly because power is in the hands of the âcapitalistsâ not the workers. Â¹ In contrast, Inflation occur when capitalists fulfill their workersâ demand of higher wages by increasing the prices on the goods and services.Â¹

From the 1990âs workers could not increase in their wages, therefore, Pollin said workerâs well-being can not be determined by the full employment, and the United States need a well-developed policy to maintain full employment at living wage while controlling the inflation.Â¹

According to the article âWhen Wage Hikes Donât Mean Price Hikesâ, written by Arthur Macewan, there are certain circumstances where employers donât pass âwage hikesâ to their customers.Â² For instance, according to the âLaw of Demandâ the quantity of demand decreases when the prices of goods increase (Colander, 91). For this reason, employers have more chances of decreasing their sales and revenue, thus they donât pass income increase to their consumers.Â² When workersâ incomes increase, it causes most of the goods and servicesâ demand increase.Â² However, on the other hand, firms and employers are also consumers, when companies increase their employeeâs wages, it affect companies âpurchasing powerâ.Â² As a result, prices do not increase. In addition, there are some factors that can cause employers to increase their prices to maintain the profits are âgovernment monetary authorities, minimum wage policies, and strength of labor unions.âÂ²

Bryan Synderâs article âWhat are the real cost of inflation and to whomâ, states that the inflation is a risk to the interest of large investments of the financiers, and this is a view of the financiers.Â³ However, their view will not be true if there is an average rate of inflation.Â³ For instance, during the 1953 to 1973, the inflation was very high, but the rate of the growth was also remained high in the Japan, Korea, Israel, and also in some other countries.Â³ Its mean that inflation and growth could be parallel, and average inflation doesnât hurt long term growth.Â³

According to the Thomas Michl of Colgate University, the real cost of inflation is a decrease in the real income, but it can be corrected.Â³ For instance, the rate of inflation fluctuate by the time, therefore, government established COLA (Cost of Living Adjustment).Â³ Which is an adjustment made to the social security structure to adjust the benefits, so the peopleâs âfixed Social Security benefitâ could not be spoil by the inflation.Â³ Additionally, increase in the wages mean workersâ have to pay more income tax, thus to adjust the wages in order to balance with the inflation, the government has build âTax Reform Actâ to solve this problem.Â³ High inflation devastates the valid worth of workersâ income and investorsâ deposit.Â³ Consequently, average inflation does not affect to the business and individualsâ investment and slows down economics growthÂ³.

The article âIs The âNew Economyâ More Productive?â by Phineas Baxandall is âsorting fact from fictionâ of the old and new economy. The information technology played a great role into the new economy, particularly, in the gain of productivity.ï Productivity âmeasure the output per workerâ (Colander, 190). And the productivity measured up by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)ï Gross Domestic Product is âthe market value of final goods and services produced in an economy, stated in the prices of a given yearâ (Colander, 141). In recent decades, information technology development has helped to enhance the productivity and so economy.ï On the other hand, in the 1980âs average growth of the GDP was 2.9%, and in the 1990âs it was 3.1%, if we compared 1980âs with 1990âs average growth of the GDP, there was not so much difference.ï And also, from the 1990âs, average workers only gain minimum of 0.5% increased in their wages each year.ï However, the technology has increased the workersâ expenses because in order to be more productive, their need to have new technology has become essential for them. In relation to the new economy, the productivity will continue to increase as the information technology continues to grow.ï Therefore, this will be necessary to pay attention to the education and industry of the information technology.ï

Arthur Macewan explained in his article âProductivity, Bargaining Power, And Wagesâ that productivity is the amount of output over per unit of input, and the workers or unionsâ power of arguing for their demands called bargaining power.ï The bargaining strength of workers in last ten years has weakened due to the government policies.ï Workers at the lowest level are affecting most from this. ï Moreover, outsourcing the jobs is also declining the workerâs bargaining power and particularly workers who are already getting less are facing the competition with workers who are even being paid lesser than them. ï For example, in East Asia and Mexico the workerâs income is much lower than the U.S. ï The technology change is also an issue toward workers who are missing skills that are essential for their jobs. ï According to the past evidences, productivity increase is greater than the wages increase, so âIt would be hard to explain the rise and fall of wagesâby the changes in productivity.âï

Two important things, I did not know before reading the chapter âUnemployment and Inflationâ was how unemployment and inflation affect each other and the second thing what is NAIRU (Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment). I learned that there is a tradeoff between inflation and unemployment, therefore, low unemployment and low inflation is really hard to happen at the same time. As I mentioned before, when unemployment falls, workers demand for higher wages. Therefore, the companies or firms raise their prices to cover up their profits; as a result, the acceleration of inflation occurs. I never thought about this point of view, so it really amazed me. There is a theory called NAIRU âNon-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemploymentâ, which is to stabilize the unemployment and inflation rate at the positive level. This theory was also new for me. Under this theory, when employment goes below the ânatural rateâ, which is also adjustable over the time, inflation begins to rise. Its means unemployment at some point is favorable to the society. I realized that it is not just the problem of the government polices, but it is also a problem of individualâs aggregate demand. We as individuals always demand what is good for us without thinking about what is good for the whole society, and that creates instability to our society.

All the authors almost discussed about the same period of 1990âs to 2000âs in the chapter of âUnemployment and Inflationâ of the Real World Macro. In this period U.S. economy was apparently on the right track. The U.S. economic growth was increasing progressively. The technological development higher the productivity and also enhanced the globalization. The U.S. stock market was booming and investors were willing to invest in this significant growth. In this period inflation was pretty stable, and even in the 1997, according to the Robert Pollinâs Article âThe âNatural Rateâ Of Unemploymentâ, the unemployment rate in the U.S. was dropped to 4.9% after longs decades, but the inflation was stable and controllable. However, I would like to change the two things in our system. Firstly the class conflict and secondly the fair wage system, which is obviously related to the class conflict. According to this chapter, one thing was pretty clear that class conflict exits and dominates the poor member of the society. Capitalist do not let this happened because the full employment increases workers demands of higher wages. If the productivity is growing, then workers should have fair demands of increasing their wages, and capitalist should not evade workers from getting what their worth is.

There is a need to stabilize full employment with low inflation and fair wages. In the last decades, productivity was higher, but workers could not gain in their wages as they should be. There is definitely a policy change needed because there is instability between the productivity gain and distributing of fair income. The government should impose a policy where full employment, productivity gain and distribution of income remain stable. I would suggest that government should control the class conflict because this is the main reason of instability. If government tries to agree those capitalist, who increase their profits by lowering the cost of workers income or who has a fear that low unemployment will increase workers demand of rising wage, by making a deal or policy of a stable increase that can solve this problem for both the employers and employees. In the chapter âUnemployment and Inflationâ all the writers have same explicit suggestion on about developing a policy that helps to maintain the productivity growth with fair distribution of income. For instance, the writer, Robert Pollin, clearly suggest that in the United States well developed policy is required, where full employment can be control and stable with fair income, and also where healthy union can be build to protect the right of the workers such as, living wages, reasonable job securities, and a healthy work environment.Â¹

Re: proofreading needed

ferpectedit — Fri, 10 Oct 2008 13:28:01 GMT

Hello:
Nothing is technically wrong with your sentences, but your passage would read better as:

"How are celebrity moms able to look so good just a few months after childbirth? Flipping through the tabloids, mothers who aren't famous groan, 'Some women have all the luck!'"

I dropped the "there is something really incredible" which should be avoided in writing, even for the most lightweight articles: if you can get rid of a string of words in a sentence and not lose any meaning, you should always cut, cut, cut. I eliminated the juxtaposition of "luck" and "unlucky" and replaced "looking" with "flipping" for some variety in the last sentence (because "look" is also in the previous sentence). Good luck!

"a refund" or "the refund"

MarvinTheMartian — Fri, 25 Apr 2008 19:14:25 GMT

"He filled out an insurance form requesting the refund of the cost of his operation."

"He filled out an insurance form requesting a refund for the cost of his operation."

Are both of the above sentences acceptable? If so, which one do you suggest I use and why? If you can think of a better wording, please let me know.

How to report a discovery

MarvinTheMartian — Wed, 23 Apr 2008 22:26:46 GMT

Hi, once again, I'm having trouble to accurately put my thoughts into words. Some time ago, I was reading a scientific article about the possibility of life on Titan, a moon orbiting Saturn. When I tried to summarize what I had just read, the first sentence that came to my mind was "Scientists believe they may have found another celestial body that might be capable of sustaining life." However, this sentence is problematic as it suggests that the scientists in question weren't aware of the planetoid's existence prior to hypothesizing that it might harbor life.

I considered an alternate way of saying it ("Scientists believe they may have discovered that there might be life on another celestial body"), but thought it was too vague (i.e. it could be referring to any celestial body) in addition to being awkward-sounding.

Finally, I thought of the following sentence: "Scientists believe they may have found evidence of possible life on another celestial body." However, I have a problem with the word "evidence" as it makes it sound like an irrefutable discovery. In addition, I can't help but think there must be a simpler way of putting it (preferably, without having to specify the name the celestial body in question.) Any suggestions?

Also, I would appreciate if you could point out ANY mistakes or inaccuracies you find in this message. Any mistake -- even the slightest! Precision of speech is sacrosanct to me. Thank you.

Re: tenses

bernice.farrugia — Mon, 18 Feb 2008 10:27:34 GMT

1. ...have promised to inform people (the people?) about the beginning of the strike... - In this case both people and the people are accepted. The use of the makes your sentence more specific since it would be directly referring to the group of people who will be effected by the strike. However, it is not considered a mistake to keep your sentence general by not using the article the.

2. At dawn however railwaymen, breaking their promise, stop work without â¦ - I would keep it simple and simple say 'At dawn, however, railwaymen, breaking their promise, stop work without informing the public'. Do not forget that the first part of the sentence already includes a complicated sentence structure, so it makes more sence to simplify the structure of the second part of the sentence.

3. A lot of students are absent from (in?) my class.. - The correct answer is ...absent from my class...

4. Yeah. The railway company announced the beginning of the strike, as promised (as it had been promised?)... - The correct answer is...as it had promised. The subject of your sentence is THE RAILWAY COMPANY. Since you already have a subject you DO NOT NEED TO CHANGE YOUR SENTENCE FROM ACTIVE TO PASSIVE. IT refers to THE RAILWAY COMPANY and it should be followed by an ACTIVE verb -had promised.

Hope you find this information useful.

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Please help me to check my grammer and sentence structure of my report

Re: proofreading needed

"a refund" or "the refund"

How to report a discovery

Re: tenses