http://www.englishforums.com/search/pro.htm?q=tag%3aHistory+of+English+tag%3aAnalogiesSearch results for 'tag:History of English tag:Analogies' matching tags 'History of English' and 'Analogies'en-USCSMOD (Build: 3273.32735)http://www.englishforums.com/English/EarlierBefore/lwxg/post.htm#56599Sun, 21 Nov 2004 23:14:36 GMT946f00bb-57d3-4b7b-a9a2-059b5341af52:56599califjimI have the same reaction as you do Taka earlier has the implicit comparison earlier than you actually did before does not before leaves me asking before what Changing to later after I have no time to do it now I ll do it later later than now I have no time to do it now I ll do it after after what The spatial analogy might be If you had gone closer you would have seen it If you had gone near you would have seen it In the first the comparative form in er invites closer to it than you actually did whereas in the second near only invites the question near what In all these cases the non comparative forms act like prepositions which are missing their required apparently objects ps after looks suspiciously like it was originally more aft in the early history of English but no one nowadays conceives of it as a comparative form http://www.englishforums.com/English/Morphology/bxzw/post.htm#9052Thu, 25 Sep 2003 08:15:04 GMT946f00bb-57d3-4b7b-a9a2-059b5341af52:9052wumanfuHi this is just a cut paste job from various internet resources 1 The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology 2 The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar 3 Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language 4 The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics 7 parts 5 Pocket Fowler s Modern English Usage 6 Merriam Webster Unabridged References 1 The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology morpho comb form of Gr morph shape form as in morphology XIX 2 The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar morphology The study of word formation Traditionally Morphology concerned with the internal rules of words contrasts with SYNTAX concerned with the rules governing the way words are put together in sentences Morphology itself covers two main types of word formation INFLECTION concerned with changes to an individual lexeme which remains the same word for grammatical reasons e g showing number or tense and DERIVATION which is concerned with the formation of one word from another e g by the addition of an affix morphological morphologically 3 Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language MORPHOLOGY In LINGUISTICS the study of the structure of words as opposed to SYNTAX the study of the arrangement of words in the higher units of phrases clauses and sentences The two major branches are inflectional morphology the study of inflections and lexical morphology the study of WORD FORMATION See ACCIDENCE INFLECTION LINGUISTIC TYPOLOGY MORPHEME 4a The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics morphology The study of the grammatical structure of words and the categories realized by them Thus a morphological analysis will divide girls into girl and s which realizes plural singer into sing and er which marks it as a noun denoting an agent A category is morphological if it is realized within words Thus morphological case is case as realized by different elements within nouns or words of other classes as opposed to case roles realized by independent words or word order a morphological causative is a causative form of a verb as opposed to a causative construction and so on 4b The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics split morphology hypothesis The view held widely but challenged within Lexical Morphology that inflectional and derivational morphology are in principle separate 4c The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics Non Catenative Morphology Account of morphology developed by J J McCarthy in the early 1980s by analogy with Autosegmental Phonology Basically a technique for representing systems such as that of Arabic in which e g the word for book Egyptian Arabic kita b and the word for he wrote katab have the same consonantal root k t b but two different patterns of vowels In the representation proposed the root is assigned to one tier analogous to those of Autosegmental Phonology and the vowel pattern to another both units will then be realized discontinuously 4d The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics Natural Morphology A broad approach to morphology developed especially in Germany and Austria from the early 1980s in which both the structural tendencies of languages in general and the specific processes of change in individual languages are explained in part by the operation of hypothetically universal laws of naturalness Thus it is easier to understand words if their morphological structure is transparent hence in particular if categories are realized by affixes English bake d or hen s rather than e g by vowel change English took or men In that sense affixation is more natural hence in languages generally it is the commonest process and as specific languages change the tendency all else being equal is for its scope to increase E g in the history of English plurals with affixes like cows have tended to replace ones that are less transparent like kine By other proposed laws it is natural e g that a plural which is marked 1 in opposition to a singular should be realized by the presence rather than the absence of an affix plural hen s vs singular hen not plural hen vs singular hen s Hence again this pattern is found more widely across languages and again specific changes will tend towards it Laws such as these reduce to a general principle of iconicity But one law may conflict with another and conflicts may be resolved in different ways in different types of language Moreover any law may conflict with structures inherent in a specific system Hence all apply as above all else being equal 4e The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics Lexical Morphology View of morphology current especially in the USA within a broadly generative framework The basic unit is the morpheme words have a constituency structure of which morphemes are the minimal elements and in the extreme version the entire construction of words including those aspects that are traditionally called inflectional belongs to an account of the lexicon The belief that this version is correct is the Strong or Strict Lexicalist Hypothesis 4f The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics inflectional morphology Branch of morphology concerned with inflections hence especially with both the semantic and the formal structure of paradigms An inflectional affix is similarly an affix described as an inflection a process by which e g such an affix is added is an inflectional formation and so on Opp derivational morphology But the distinction has often been challenged e g in Lexical Morphology 4g The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics derivational morphology Branch of morphology concerned with the derivation of one word in the lexicon from another e g that of hanger from hang or of countess from count In these examples er and ess are derivational affixes and the processes of which they are part are derivational formations Traditionally distinguished from inflectional morphology also from the formation of compounds 5 Pocket Fowler s Modern English Usage morphology is the study of the structure and form of words It includes both inflection how words change their forms according to grammatical function e g come comes came etc and derivation how one word is formed from another e g unhelpful from helpful and helpful in turn from help 6 Merriam Webster Unabridged morphology Function noun Inflected Form s es Etymology German morphologie from Greek morph from morph emacron form German logie logy more at FORM 1 a a branch of biology that deals with the form and structure of animals and plants a study of the forms relations metamorphoses and phylogenetic development of organs apart from their functions see ANATOMY compare PHYSIOLOGY b the features comprised in the form and structure of an organism or any of its parts 2 a a study and description of word formation in a language including inflection derivation and compounding distinguished from syntax b the system of word forming elements and processes in a language 3 a a study of the structure or form of something b the structure or form of something MAKEUP settlements bore a strong resemblance to those of New England G T Trewartha 4 the external structure of rocks in relation to the development of erosional forms or topographic features GEOMORPHOLOGY 5 a the study of the development of the forms of crystals b the assemblage of forms on a crystal