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A Little Help with Capitals

angel_tristan0409 — Thu, 28 Aug 2008 10:07:10 GMT

A Little Help with Capitals

This handout lists some guidelines for capitalization. If you have a question about whether a specific word should be capitalized that doesn't fit under one of these rules, try checking a dictionary to see if the word is capitalized there.

Use capital letters in the following ways:

The first words of a sentence

When he tells a joke, he sometimes forgets the punch line.

The pronoun "I"

The last time I visited Atlanta was several years ago.

Proper nouns (the names of specific people, places, organizations, and sometimes things)

Worrill Fabrication Company

Golden Gate Bridge

Supreme Court

Livingston, Missouri

Atlantic Ocean

Mothers Against Drunk Driving

Family relationships (when used as proper names)

I sent a thank-you note to Aunt Abigail, but not to my other aunts.

Here is a present I bought for Mother.

Did you buy a present for your mother?

The names of God, specific deities, religious figures, and holy books

God the Father

the Virgin Mary

the Bible

the Greek gods

Moses

Shiva

Buddha

Zeus

Exception: Do not capitalize the non-specific use of the word "god."

The word "polytheistic" means the worship of more than one god.

Titles preceding names, but not titles that follow names

She worked as the assistant to Mayor Hanolovi.

I was able to interview Miriam Moss, mayor of Littonville.

Directions that are names (North, South, East, and West when used as sections of the country, but not as compass directions)

The Patels have moved to the Southwest.

Jim's house is two miles north of Otterbein.

The days of the week, the months of the year, and holidays (but not the seasons used generally)

Halloween

October

Friday

winter

spring

fall

Exception: Seasons are capitalized when used in a title.

The Fall 1999 semester

The names of countries, nationalities, and specific languages

Costa Rica

Spanish

French

English

The first word in a sentence that is a direct quote

Emerson once said, "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds."

The major words in the titles of books, articles, and songs (but not short prepositions or the articles "the," "a," or "an," if they are not the first word of the title)

One of Jerry's favorite books is The Catcher in the Rye.

Members of national, political, racial, social, civic, and athletic groups

Green Bay Packers

African-Americans

Anti-Semitic

Democrats

Friends of the Wilderness

Chinese

Periods and events (but not century numbers)

Victorian Era

Great Depression

Constitutional Convention

sixteenth century

Trademarks

Pepsi

Honda

IBM

Microsoft Word

Words and abbreviations of specific names (but not names of things that came from specific things but are now general types)

Freudian

NBC

pasteurize

french fries

italics

Re: Georgia - a peaceloving genocide

Ant_222 — Sat, 16 Aug 2008 20:19:53 GMT

Dominik
Â What do you think about this article?

Mythmaking in Moscow

Hey, Dominik, I just wathced that interview with the dictor (on a site linked by ISU), and you know what? It is true, but the words have bee taken out of context. So here it is:

"You ask me if it is possible that 2000 have been killed? If to take the whole region into account, then I think yes. During the six days that we almost wholly spent in the cellar, the city was intensively bombarded by GRADs and other weapons <cut>. I saw tanks in the city and jets above that were bombarding us. It was a real horror.... to attack civillians this way, in the *** century... Only in our hospital (sic! â Ant) there were 273 wounded, and 45 died (not "dead"), two journalists among them (cut). We damped the bodies in our trauma center because we couldn't get to the morgue due to the shelling."

Â Now, let's compare it to the distorted version presented by Washington Post:

"A doctor at Tskhinvali Regional Hospital who was on duty from the afternoon of August 7 told Human Rights Watch that between August 6 to 12 the hospital treated 273 wounded, both military and civilians. . . . The doctor also said that 44 bodies had been brought to the hospital since the fighting began, of both military and civilians. The figure reflects only those killed in the city of Tskhinvali. But the doctor was adamant that the majority of people killed in the city had been brought to the hospital before being buried, because the city morgue was not functioning due to the lack of electricity in the city."

The first distortion is the omission of the doctor's opinion â she did think 2000 was a real figure. Then it's a lie that dead bodies were brought to that hospital â that people died within the hospital. At last, in the last sentence, shelling has been replaced by a modest "lack of electricity" as the reason they couldn't deliver the bodies to the morgue.

Re: Georgia - a peaceloving genocide

Ant_222 — Sat, 16 Aug 2008 18:34:00 GMT

Dominik
Â What do you think about this article?

It says: Tskhinvali, where most of the fighting took place, mostly intact and with "little evidence of a high death toll."Â

Russia News have shown LOTS of damage and destruction in Tskhinval, saying the city has been essentially destroyed. And this kind of evidence is a rare case when it is easy to see and hard to falsify.

I don't know what the author wants to say by referring to the interview with a doctor who said the hospital had treated only several hundred patients. Can a hospital take through it 2000 patients in a space of a day or two (until the Russian army came)? Also take into account that, as per Russian news, the Tskhinval hospital was a target of Georgian artillery and even GRADs, which were using splinter shells that don't inflict much damage to buildings but kill everything alive.

Under heavy bombardment, most of medical treatment was delivered in cellars, for they were the only (relatively) safe place.

Another evidence hard to fabricate is the number of refugees from S. Ossetia, which is reported to be around 34000, 40% of the population!Â

I seriously doubt Russian government is dumb enough to tell a kind of lie that can be checked and disproved so easily.

Re: Georgia - a peaceloving genocide

Ruslana — Sat, 16 Aug 2008 17:17:28 GMT

"Blah-blah-blah" or "Mythmaking by WashingtonPost".

I rather believe tens of interviews of Tskhinvali civilians who were in the very hell. By the way, have you seen that many of such interviews?

Dominik, it's information war.
You can find dozens of articles that say this, and I'll find dozens of articles that say that. Only people of South Ossetia, who were dying, really know what and how it happened, without any political lyrics.

Cute, isn't it? The red inscription on the yellow says: "Why does Saakashvili eat ties?"

Re: Standard spoken English

Grammar Geek — Thu, 12 Jun 2008 23:48:05 GMT

Hello Milky. Yes, your style remains, even when you post anonymously.

I would define it as the type of English you use when you interview for a white-collar job. The type of English you use when you testify before Congress. The type of English you use when you mean your significant other's well-bred, wealthy parents for the first time.

I would absolutely exclude omitting articles and verbs when they are needed in standard written English. I would not exclude instances when you simply don't have the vocabulary so you use words like "thing" and "stuff." I would not exclude the occasional "um" because some people are not good public speakers, despite their knowledge of and daily use of standard English.

It's how you speak when the know the rules for standard written English and want your style of speech to reflect your knowledge and use of it, and you don't want your speech to reflect your socio-economic or regional background. You are being as neutral as possible.

You don't have to use formal words when you speak in standard English. You do have conjugate, use articles, use proper auxiallary verbs, and so on.

Re: drug[s]

Yankee — Fri, 23 May 2008 15:37:51 GMT

Hi N2G

It's entirely possible that the man received more than one type of drug via online pharmacies. The article doesn't actually mention whether that was the case or not. The woman may well have said quite a few other things during the course of the interview that didn't end up in the news article. So, perhaps her husband received various different drugs.

By the way, I enjoyed this sentence:

"These pharmacy people that are doing this and these doctors that are doing this, they don't give a dadgummit about people."

I'm surprised you didn't ask about the word 'dadgummit'.

Correction of an Essay

learner_of_english — Tue, 22 Apr 2008 21:05:57 GMT

Through History, weâve seen that American people are proud and want to manage the world. Meanwhile, French people know how to live and they have a more collectivism mentality. According to several studies, the US is a more âmasculineâ country than France. Weâre about to study if this is a reality or not.

1Â°/ First, we can compare educational values between these two countries.

The American people educational values are rather funded on individualism.

Each person must show his value to be recognized, the merit is more important than the link formed (relationship) with others. Pupils and students have to be independent, self-confident, their teacher assists them in work but they donât give solutions. They also have to be competitive.

For instance, intercollegiate sporting events are promoted in American football and basketball. These competitions attract not only young people but all sport fans.

In France, educational values are rather funded on collectivism.

The ties between people are privileged, it doesnât matter if a person undergoes many failures his family and his friends will always support him. Devotion in relationships is essential because people donât stand to be alone.

As students, weâre used to partying several times by week, we enter in student associations to share our ideals with others and we think that is the victory of groups which is the more important.

For example, in soccer games, one player goal is the equip goal. (but 1 joueur est le but de lâÃ©quipe)

According to Geert Hofstede (a press article writer), these points show that the US is a more masculine country than France. I think we can reveal there is another aspect of this topic with gender ideas.

2Â°/ The power that is a more masculine idea can be illustrated by American will to possess big things.

Indeed, American cars are big like 4x4 or pick up, they like to eat big burgers.

They use an amazing budget for their movies with many special effects and they often contain fights like Rambo, Terminator or Rocky. Each time, we have the feeling that American glory is bet and itâs always American people who win.

Then, American comics imply heroes with a super strength and a nice physical appearance like Superman or Hulk.

On the contrary, French culture hires the small things and products are adapted to family which is a more feminine idea.

There are small French cars for young people the Twingo, the Clio or the Smart and weâre used to taking a little break with a small cup of coffee.

In France, there are often humoristic or romantic movies like movie of the moment âBienvenue chez les châtisâ which is the best French humoristic movie of the year.

Weâre also used to reading comics like âAstÃ©rixâ or âTintinâ who are not really superheroes.

As we see through all these examples America owns more masculine ideas than France and we really saw a gap between these two mentalities.

3Â°/ However, the feminine culture in France is limited.

We also have a competitive policy as we se through a job or college interview. The selection is tough, there are some oral or written exams and many people are refused.

The vision of soccer as a âsweetâ sport is far from reality because many players are hurt during the games.

Furthermore, there are French action movies like âLes riviÃ¨res pourpresâ, âNikitaâ and âLeonâ which compete with American super production.

In my opinion, the association between masculine culture with men who search for success and power, and feminine culture with women who look after their family is a stereotype. It tends to disappear today, women are more and more independent and they can be companyâs bosses or minister.

For instance, the French company CHANEL is lead by a woman.

To conclude, obviously the US is a more âmasculineâ culture than France. But in my view, there isnât a best culture because self-confidence and relationships are essential to have a happy live.

We can wonder if the promotion of power and success could not lead to abuse.

Sincerely,

Re: Correction of an Essay

learner_of_english — Tue, 22 Apr 2008 19:10:36 GMT

Hello,

Thanks for your quick answer !

I didn't realise my sentences were so short, I corrected them so I hope it is better now. I added numbers to empasis my main points.

Could you help me to correct my grammar ?