In Noun phrases^x, Adjuncts^x, Direct objects^x

Hello, Hela. Your analysis of the first sentence (I gave my sister a cat for her birthday) is correct. I'd be happy with calling the prepositional phrase "for her birthday" an adjunct (adverbial) of time, though some more accurate label may exist. It's true that R. Quirk does not consider...

You need a verb to have a clause. I think you meant "The GMC cannot investigate every controversial treatment brought to its attention". This verb phrase has a clause within another clause. The outer clause is a causative ("get"), so it has an inner clause "industries to reduce waste"...