By Present perfect, TEFL

Hi! I'm doing the i-to-i online tefl course but am stuck on this one question! What are the grammar structures of the highlighted sections? If I hadn't passed my exam, I wouldn't have gone to Cancun. For example, the kind of answering I'm looking for would follow this pattern: I've been...

The rule is: The present perfect cannot be used with any adverbial which indicates a specific point in time in the past. The adverbial in question is "last year" in your example. Only adverbs of time which include the present (moment of speaking) can be used with the present perfect. Example:...

I'd say that you cannot use present perfect tense if there is something that shows you a past simple tense. "last year" indicates that the action started and finished in the past. So, you played a lot of tennis, but nowadays, you don't.