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<rss version="2.0" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/" xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/"><channel><title>Search results for 'tag:Whom tag:Essays' matching tags 'Whom' and 'Essays'</title><link>http://www.englishforums.com/search/pro.htm?q=tag%3aWhom+tag%3aEssays&amp;tag=Whom,Essays&amp;orTags=0</link><description>Search results for 'tag:Whom tag:Essays' matching tags 'Whom' and 'Essays'</description><dc:language>en-US</dc:language><generator>CSMOD (Build: 3107.25864)</generator><item><title>Re: New Idea!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!</title><link>http://www.englishforums.com/English/NewIdea/ggbhq/post.htm#531028</link><pubDate>Sun, 22 Jun 2008 14:57:03 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="true">946f00bb-57d3-4b7b-a9a2-059b5341af52:531028</guid><dc:creator>Tanit</dc:creator><description>Hi and welcome to the forums!&lt;br /&gt;You can write a short paragraph and post it &lt;a href="http://www.englishforums.com/English/GeneralEnglishGrammarQuestions/Forum12.htm"&gt;in the general grammar forum&lt;/a&gt; or an essay and post it here,&lt;a href="http://www.englishforums.com/English/EslEssayWritingWorld/Forum9.htm"&gt; in the writing forum&lt;/a&gt;. There are a lot of native speakers here (some of whom are also teachers) who will have a look at it, make corrections and give suggestions. Some learners might want to offer their opinions, as well. &lt;br /&gt;You will probably be asking, &amp;quot;How much do I have to pay for that?&amp;quot; &lt;img src="http://www.englishforums.com/emoticons/emotion-38.gif" alt="Money" title="Money" /&gt; Nothing!!! &lt;img src="http://www.englishforums.com/emoticons/emotion-1.gif" alt="Smile" title="Smile" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No classrooms or given topics, though. Choose a topic and post your writing. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</description></item><item><title>Re: Internet- could you please check this essay out. Thank you!</title><link>http://www.englishforums.com/English/InternetCouldCheckEssayThank/gzxzz/post.htm#529827</link><pubDate>Fri, 20 Jun 2008 00:31:53 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="true">946f00bb-57d3-4b7b-a9a2-059b5341af52:529827</guid><dc:creator>Anonymous</dc:creator><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;font&gt;Hi Julielai,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I&amp;nbsp;appreciate your comment.&lt;br /&gt;I break yp my first paragraph as you mentioned.&lt;br /&gt;There should be too much mistakes that difficult&amp;nbsp; to point out, sorry about it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The widespread use of the internet has brought us advantages, and disadvantages. Easy access to the world and information is very useful, though, this reaches unwelcome information. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;font&gt;People tend to get together with same interest and opinion, feels comfortable to tale talk with someone who agree with you, which make you confident you are right and sometimes the opinion goes too far from the world average. Internet can be used to express yourself like though blog. In some blog, they just complain their wife/husband in the diary but never said their feeling to whom they should talk that other than anyone else. If you are expressing themselves in blog just to stress out and write to face the problem or write to helps calm down and think it by themselves, or asking other people opinion to solve the problem, these are fine and positive. Though, if they are just running away from the reality and just complaining, the problem never to be solved. One day during the internet surfing, the blog I found is that one house wife is sick and feel disease and canât do any house works, complaining her husband asked why she do not do anything. The sentence is so long, I guess she spend more than a hour for that and updating so often, I think she can do some souse works while typing the complaints. In the comments section, I was surprised to see that all the comments are saying feel sorry for her and how bad the husband is. I did not write any comment for it, I just start seeing blogs and never comment to any blogs yet, that is why. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;font&gt;&lt;font&gt;I believe main problem associated with the usage of the tendency to get together of the people of same opinion and make a very limited inner society but believes this is the whole world opinion. To avoid this situation, balance is bevy important, take balance of the real friend and blog friend, also their opinion. Don not only listen to comfortable messages to you, but severe messages, this is important.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Internet- could you please check this essay out. Thank you!</title><link>http://www.englishforums.com/English/InternetCouldCheckEssayThank/gzmmc/post.htm</link><pubDate>Wed, 18 Jun 2008 22:59:55 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="true">946f00bb-57d3-4b7b-a9a2-059b5341af52:529365</guid><dc:creator>Anonymous</dc:creator><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;font&gt;The widespread use of the internet has brought us advantages, and disadvantages. Easy access to the world and information is very useful, though, this reaches unwelcome information. People tend to get together with same interest and opinion, feels comfortable to tale talk with someone who agree with you, which make you confident you are right and sometimes the opinion goes too far from the world average. Internet can be used to express yourself like though blog. In some blog, they just complain their wife/husband in the diary but never said their feeling to whom they should talk that other than anyone else. If you are expressing themselves in blog just to stress out and write to face the problem or write to helps calm down and think it by themselves, or asking other people opinion to solve the problem, these are fine and positive. Though, if they are just running away from the reality and just complaining, the problem never to be solved. One day during the internet surfing, the blog I found is that one house wife is sick and feel disease and canât do any house works, complaining her husband asked why she do not do anything. The sentence is so long, I guess she spend more than a hour for that and updating so often, I think she can do some souse works while typing the complaints. In the comments section, I was surprised to see that all the comments are saying feel sorry for her and how bad the husband is. I did not write any comment for it, I just start seeing blogs and never comment to any blogs yet, that is why. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span&gt;I believe main problem associated with the usage of the tendency to get together of the people of same opinion and make a very limited inner society but believes this is the whole world opinion. To avoid this situation, balance is bevy important, take balance of the real friend and blog friend, also their opinion. Don not only listen to comfortable messages to you, but severe messages, this is important.&lt;/span&gt;</description></item><item><title>Re: Could anyone lookthrough my Illustration Essay? "The Impossible Peace"</title><link>http://www.englishforums.com/English/CouldAnyoneLookthroughIllustration-EssayImpossiblePeace/gvrkm/post.htm#520960</link><pubDate>Fri, 30 May 2008 16:18:17 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="true">946f00bb-57d3-4b7b-a9a2-059b5341af52:520960</guid><dc:creator>Chibi</dc:creator><description>&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN:justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffffff;"&gt;Sorry, there&amp;#39;s a problem with the former posted entry!&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffffff;"&gt;There Is&lt;/font&gt; No &amp;quot;Together&amp;quot; In Jerusalem&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;For Jews and Muslims, Jerusalem has been a city of hope and loss. It has been their homeland but also their battlefield. Its history has been filled with great joy but also with tragedy. In Hebrew, the name &amp;quot;Jerusalem&amp;quot; literally means a &amp;quot;city of peace&amp;quot; Ironically, &lt;span&gt;people there have not seem such thing for a long time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;people there have not seem to live in harmony for ages)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; There have been numbers of peace plans to settle this conflict between the Israelis and Palestinians but &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;not even one has succeeded&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;everything has failed to succeed)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;; &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;occasionally, they have even worsened the situ&lt;/font&gt;ation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(U should write this clause as a separated sentence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;. One of the most well-known solutions is the Oslo Accord, the first official agreement signed by the leaders of both sides. It was first seen as &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;the)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; hope &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;to the end of the conflict&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(âto end the conflictâ is better)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;that&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;so that)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; they would live peacefully &amp;nbsp;together in a bi-national state. &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;Yet&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt; However â in written language, it is better not to start a sentence with Yet/ But)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;, some groups did not accept it and launched a series of suicide bombings. This accord is now viewed to have brought more hatred and violation to the area. Nevertheless, there are still many attempts. It seems that they could live together peacefully since &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;they are similar in many ways regarding their religions and ancestor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;(&lt;/font&gt;try another expression &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ã &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt; better)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; However, after carefully &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;examined&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(examining)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;current situations and history, &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;one&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(U mean who?)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;has to admit that they will never &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;co-exist&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(word choice?)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; peacefully in this common area. &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;It is due to their beliefs that Jerusalem&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;belongs only to them and no one else.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(I think the use of pronounce is not clear here. âTheyâ &amp;amp; âtheirâ mean who: Jews or Muslims?)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; Furthermore, they hate each other so much that they will never want to live together.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;The first reason &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;why&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;two-state solution is &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;impossible&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;(&lt;/font&gt;be impossible to do sth)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; is &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;because&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ã &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt; that)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;they believe&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt; &lt;span&gt;that&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(omit this word)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;all areas of Jerusalem belong to only their people&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;. From the Jewish perspective, they have all the rights over this land due to God&amp;#39;s will as well as their long close connection to it. According to the Bible, four thousands years ago, God promised that he will give Abraham, father of all the Jews, and his children the land of Canaan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;or what is&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(omit)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; now the capital of the State of Israel. Since then, Jewish people have been waiting for that day &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;to come&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(omit)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;. The word &amp;quot;Jerusalem&amp;quot; is repeatedly mentioned several times in their daily prayers as well as in many special occasions, for instance, the Passover(Spiro, 2000). In addition, this area had once been under the reign of Jewish kings who had ruled for hundreds of years and built the first Jewish temple in this area. This temple has been &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;the focus of&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(I guess a problem with word choice here)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; Jewish people around the world. They regard it as &amp;quot;the house of the Lord&amp;quot;(Bible in Spiro, 2000) and the &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;direction&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(word choice, again?)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;in which they say their prayers to. If there is a place on earth that all Jews are willing to sacrifice their lives for, it would be this very place. A Jewish mayor once stated that this land represents, &amp;quot;the purist expression of all that Jews prayed for, dreamed of, cried for, and died for&amp;quot;(Pipes, 2001).&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Conversely, from the Palestinian perspective, they are blessed people who deserve the rights &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;over to&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt; this holy place, not the cursed Jews. In the Koran, Jerusalem is said to be blessed. It was where Prophet Muhammed was taken up to heaven and met other Prophets(Spiro, 2000). The significance of it had been emphasized several times by Prophet Muhammed himself through his teachings. He stated that it is where a single act of worship is equal to a thousand, and whoever die there or near by would directly go to heaven(Soufan, n.d.). These have made it one of the three holiest place in Islam. Furthermore, in the Koran, while Muslims are regarded to be the most prestigious group of people, Jews are the opposite, &amp;quot;cursed and condemned&amp;quot;(Abbadi, n.d.). Thus, as it is required in Muslim faith, it is their duty to protect a religious site from being contaminated by those corrupted people and bring the holy place back to the right owners.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;The second reason two-state solution is impossible is because of the prolonged aversion that&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;they will never agree to live with their enemies.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt; In the last eight years, approximately 5,000 Palestinians have been killed &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;with&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ã &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt; and)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; more than 33,000 have been injured(Palestine Red Crescent, 2008). &lt;span&gt;The causes were mostly due to shootings as well as tear gas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(try another expression here)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; Many of the others have been forced to leave their home making approximately 4.4 millions Palestine refugees around the world now(United Nations, 2008). Owing to the loss of ones they love and the harshness of dispersing, hatred has developed. Their &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;expression&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(word choice?)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; of hatred has been from incitement of violation to suicide bombings. Terribly, &lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span&gt;those &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;who carried &lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;those&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt; horrors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(repetition should not be occur)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;were of all ages including young children. In school textbooks, Israel is described to be &amp;amp;#8220;a country of gangs, born in crime&amp;quot;(Israel Ministry, 2001) with Jews who are &amp;quot;arrogant and sly traitors&amp;quot;(Israel Ministry, 2001). These are what all children in Palestinian school have been educated, or to be more accurate, &amp;quot;brainwashed.&amp;quot; Not to mention the impacts from family and society in which those children have been raised. Thus, hatred has been &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;deepening&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(deepened)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; in all Palestinian hearts both of this generation and the coming generation. &lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;In responding to Palestinian violence, Israel has established a military force and checkpoints to limit the number of Palestinians coming to Israel. The primary objective was to prevent terrorists. However, the presence of humiliation during the search, suffering from long waits at checkpoints, and soldiers&amp;#39; attacks on innocent civilians, has only brought more hatred among them(The Nation, 2008, p. 9A).&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;It is ironic that a supposed city of peace is actually the most &lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;contentious&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;(&lt;/font&gt;word choice)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;city on earth. Numerous peace plans have been made but then were collapsed. The hatred between Israelis and Palestinians has been strongly expressed though violation, and each has clearly stated that they are the only group whom Jerusalem belongs to. This contention has accumulated over a long period of time and it is getting worse. It is useless to force them to live together. No such plans have ever worked and will never work. At least they have given it a try, nevertheless. There is always a light in the dark, I believe. When the darkness disappears, the light would shine. Even though I have concluded that the Jews and Palestinians will never &lt;span&gt;&lt;font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ffff00;"&gt;co-exist&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt; together in Jerusalem, I always wish that I have been wrong. Let the light shine and the city of peace becomes real.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;* If I were u, I will express like: &lt;i&gt;Firstly, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;two-state solution fail to succee&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;d because &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;they believ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;e that &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;all areas of Jerusalem belong to only their people&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; 
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Re: Could anyone lookthrough my Illustration Essay? "The Impossible Peace"</title><link>http://www.englishforums.com/English/CouldAnyoneLookthroughIllustration-EssayImpossiblePeace/gvrkj/post.htm#520957</link><pubDate>Fri, 30 May 2008 16:07:08 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="true">946f00bb-57d3-4b7b-a9a2-059b5341af52:520957</guid><dc:creator>Chibi</dc:creator><description>&lt;p&gt;I have no ideas about the content or the organization of focused points. I just have some suggestions on word choices, expressions and grammar. The highlighted lines include possible problems and the red words are my suggestions to improve the writing.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Hope that it&amp;#39;ll be useful!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;There Is No &amp;quot;Together&amp;quot; In Jerusalem&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;For Jews and Muslims, Jerusalem has been a city of hope and loss. It has been their homeland but also their battlefield. Its history has been filled with great joy but also with tragedy. In Hebrew, the name &amp;quot;Jerusalem&amp;quot; literally means a &amp;quot;city of peace&amp;quot; Ironically, &lt;span&gt;people there have not seem such thing for a long time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ã &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt; people there have not seem to live in harmony for ages)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; There have been numbers of peace plans to settle this conflict between the Israelis and Palestinians but &lt;span&gt;not even one has succeeded&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ã &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt; everything has failed to succeed)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;; &lt;span&gt;occasionally, they have even worsened the situation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(U should write this clause as a separated sentence &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ã &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt; be clearer)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;. One of the most well-known solutions is the Oslo Accord, the first official agreement signed by the leaders of both sides. It was first seen as &lt;span&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ã &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt; the)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; hope &lt;span&gt;to the end of the conflict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(âto end the conflictâ is better)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;span&gt;that&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ã &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt; so that)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; they would live peacefully &amp;nbsp;together in a bi-national state. &lt;span&gt;Yet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ã &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt; However â in written language, it is better not to start a sentence with Yet/ But)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;, some groups did not accept it and launched a series of suicide bombings. This accord is now viewed to have brought more hatred and violation to the area. Nevertheless, there are still many attempts. It seems that they could live together peacefully since &lt;span&gt;they are similar in many ways regarding their religions and ancestor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(try another expression &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ã &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt; better)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; However, after carefully &lt;span&gt;examined&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(examining)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;current situations and history, &lt;span&gt;one&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(U mean who?)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;has to admit that they will never &lt;span&gt;co-exist&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(word choice?)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; peacefully in this common area. &lt;span&gt;It is due to their beliefs that Jerusalem belongs only to them and no one else.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(I think the use of pronounce is not clear here. âTheyâ &amp;amp; âtheirâ mean who: Jews or Muslims?)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; Furthermore, they hate each other so much that they will never want to live together.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;The first reason &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;why&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;two-state solution is &lt;span&gt;impossible&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(be impossible to do sth)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; is &lt;span&gt;because&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ã &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt; that)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;they believe &lt;span&gt;that&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(omit this word)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;all areas of Jerusalem belong to only their people&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;. From the Jewish perspective, they have all the rights over this land due to God&amp;#39;s will as well as their long close connection to it. According to the Bible, four thousands years ago, God promised that he will give Abraham, father of all the Jews, and his children the land of Canaan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;span&gt;or what is&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(omit)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; now the capital of the State of Israel. Since then, Jewish people have been waiting for that day &lt;span&gt;to come&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(omit)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;. The word &amp;quot;Jerusalem&amp;quot; is repeatedly mentioned several times in their daily prayers as well as in many special occasions, for instance, the Passover(Spiro, 2000). In addition, this area had once been under the reign of Jewish kings who had ruled for hundreds of years and built the first Jewish temple in this area. This temple has been &lt;span&gt;the focus of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(I guess a problem with word choice here)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; Jewish people around the world. They regard it as &amp;quot;the house of the Lord&amp;quot;(Bible in Spiro, 2000) and the &lt;span&gt;direction&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(word choice, again?)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;in which they say their prayers to. If there is a place on earth that all Jews are willing to sacrifice their lives for, it would be this very place. A Jewish mayor once stated that this land represents, &amp;quot;the purist expression of all that Jews prayed for, dreamed of, cried for, and died for&amp;quot;(Pipes, 2001).&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Conversely, from the Palestinian perspective, they are blessed people who deserve the rights &lt;span&gt;over to&lt;/span&gt; this holy place, not the cursed Jews. In the Koran, Jerusalem is said to be blessed. It was where Prophet Muhammed was taken up to heaven and met other Prophets(Spiro, 2000). The significance of it had been emphasized several times by Prophet Muhammed himself through his teachings. He stated that it is where a single act of worship is equal to a thousand, and whoever die there or near by would directly go to heaven(Soufan, n.d.). These have made it one of the three holiest place in Islam. Furthermore, in the Koran, while Muslims are regarded to be the most prestigious group of people, Jews are the opposite, &amp;quot;cursed and condemned&amp;quot;(Abbadi, n.d.). Thus, as it is required in Muslim faith, it is their duty to protect a religious site from being contaminated by those corrupted people and bring the holy place back to the right owners.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;The second reason two-state solution is impossible is because of the prolonged aversion that they will never agree to live with their enemies.&lt;/span&gt; In the last eight years, approximately 5,000 Palestinians have been killed &lt;span&gt;with&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ã &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt; and)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; more than 33,000 have been injured(Palestine Red Crescent, 2008). &lt;span&gt;The causes were mostly due to shootings as well as tear gas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(try another expression here)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; Many of the others have been forced to leave their home making approximately 4.4 millions Palestine refugees around the world now(United Nations, 2008). Owing to the loss of ones they love and the harshness of dispersing, hatred has developed. Their &lt;span&gt;expression&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(word choice?)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; of hatred has been from incitement of violation to suicide bombings. Terribly, &lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span&gt;those &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;who carried &lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;those&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt; horrors&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(repetition should not be occur)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;were of all ages including young children. In school textbooks, Israel is described to be &amp;amp;#8220;a country of gangs, born in crime&amp;quot;(Israel Ministry, 2001) with Jews who are &amp;quot;arrogant and sly traitors&amp;quot;(Israel Ministry, 2001). These are what all children in Palestinian school have been educated, or to be more accurate, &amp;quot;brainwashed.&amp;quot; Not to mention the impacts from family and society in which those children have been raised. Thus, hatred has been &lt;span&gt;deepening&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(deepened)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; in all Palestinian hearts both of this generation and the coming generation. &lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;In responding to Palestinian violence, Israel has established a military force and checkpoints to limit the number of Palestinians coming to Israel. The primary objective was to prevent terrorists. However, the presence of humiliation during the search, suffering from long waits at checkpoints, and soldiers&amp;#39; attacks on innocent civilians, has only brought more hatred among them(The Nation, 2008, p. 9A).&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;It is ironic that a supposed city of peace is actually the most &lt;span&gt;contentious&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:red;"&gt;(word choice)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;city on earth. Numerous peace plans have been made but then were collapsed. The hatred between Israelis and Palestinians has been strongly expressed though violation, and each has clearly stated that they are the only group whom Jerusalem belongs to. This contention has accumulated over a long period of time and it is getting worse. It is useless to force them to live together. No such plans have ever worked and will never work. At least they have given it a try, nevertheless. There is always a light in the dark, I believe. When the darkness disappears, the light would shine. Even though I have concluded that the Jews and Palestinians will never &lt;span&gt;co-exist&lt;/span&gt; together in Jerusalem, I always wish that I have been wrong. Let the light shine and the city of peace becomes real.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;* If I were u, I will express like: &lt;i&gt;Firstly, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;two-state solution fail to succee&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;d because &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;they believ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;e that &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;all areas of Jerusalem belong to only their people&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR:black;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; 
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Could anyone lookthrough my Illustration Essay? "The Impossible Peace"</title><link>http://www.englishforums.com/English/CouldAnyoneLookthroughIllustration-EssayImpossiblePeace/gdkzb/post.htm</link><pubDate>Sun, 25 May 2008 18:21:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="true">946f00bb-57d3-4b7b-a9a2-059b5341af52:518841</guid><dc:creator>T_nattawat</dc:creator><description>&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;There Is No &amp;quot;Together&amp;quot; In Jerusalem&lt;br /&gt;	&lt;br /&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;For Jews and Muslims, Jerusalem has been a city of hope and
loss. It has been their homeland but also their battlefield. Its
history has been filled with great joy but also with tragedy. In
Hebrew, the name &amp;quot;Jerusalem&amp;quot; literally means a &amp;quot;city of peace&amp;quot;
Ironically, people there have not seem such thing for a long time.
There have been numbers of peace plans to settle this conflict between
the Israelis and Palestinians but not even one has succeeded;
occasionally, they have even worsened the situation. One of the most
well-known solutions is the Oslo Accord, the first official agreement
signed by the leaders of both sides. It was first seen as a hope to the
end of the conflict that they would live peacefully &amp;nbsp;together in a
bi-national state. Yet, some groups did not accept it and launched a
series of suicide bombings. This accord is now viewed to have brought
more hatred and violation to the area. Nevertheless, there are still
many attempts. It seems that they could live together peacefully since
they are similar in many ways regarding their religions and ancestor.
However, after carefully examined current situations and history, one
has to admit that they will never co-exist peacefully in this common
area. It is due to their beliefs that Jerusalem belongs only to them
and no one else. Furthermore, they hate each other so much that they
will never want to live together.&lt;br /&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;
&amp;nbsp;The first reason two-state solution is impossible is because they
believe that all areas of Jerusalem belong to only their people. From
the Jewish perspective, they have all the rights over this land due to
God&amp;#39;s will as well as their long close connection to it. According to
the Bible, four thousands years ago, God promised that he will give
Abraham, father of all the Jews, and his children the land of Canaan or
what is now the capital of the State of Israel. Since then, Jewish
people have been waiting for that day to come. The word &amp;quot;Jerusalem&amp;quot; is
repeatedly mentioned several times in their daily prayers as well as in
many special occasions, for instance, the Passover(Spiro, 2000). In
addition, this area had once been under the reign of Jewish kings who
had ruled for hundreds of years and built the first Jewish temple in
this area. This temple has been the focus of Jewish people around the
world. They regard it as &amp;quot;the house of the Lord&amp;quot;(Bible in Spiro, 2000)
and the direction in which they say their prayers to. If there is a
place on earth that all Jews are willing to sacrifice their lives for,
it would be this very place. A Jewish mayor once stated that this land
represents, &amp;quot;the purist expression of all that Jews prayed for, dreamed
of, cried for, and died for&amp;quot;(Pipes, 2001).&lt;br /&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Conversely,
from the Palestinian perspective, they are blessed people who deserve
the rights over to this holy place, not the cursed Jews. In the Koran,
Jerusalem is said to be blessed. It was where Prophet Muhammed was
taken up to heaven and met other Prophets(Spiro, 2000). The
significance of it had been emphasized several times by Prophet
Muhammed himself through his teachings. He stated that it is where a
single act of worship is equal to a thousand, and whoever die there or
near by would directly go to heaven(Soufan, n.d.). These have made it
one of the three holiest place in Islam. Furthermore, in the Koran,
while Muslims are regarded to be the most prestigious group of people,
Jews are the opposite, &amp;quot;cursed and condemned&amp;quot;(Abbadi, n.d.). Thus, as
it is required in Muslim faith, it is their duty to protect a religious
site from being contaminated by those corrupted people and bring the
holy place back to the right owners.&lt;br /&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;The second reason
two-state solution is impossible is because of the prolonged aversion
that they will never agree to live with their enemies. In the last
eight years, approximately 5,000 Palestinians have been killed with
more than 33,000 have been injured(Palestine Red Crescent, 2008). The
causes were mostly due to shootings as well as tear gas. Many of the
others have been forced to leave their home making approximately 4.4
millions Palestine refugees around the world now(United Nations, 2008).
Owing to the loss of ones they love and the harshness of dispersing,
hatred has developed. Their expression of hatred has been from
incitement of violation to suicide bombings. Terribly, those who
carried those horrors were of all ages including young children. In
school textbooks, Israel is described to be &amp;amp;#8220;a country of
gangs, born in crime&amp;quot;(Israel Ministry, 2001) with Jews who are
&amp;quot;arrogant and sly traitors&amp;quot;(Israel Ministry, 2001). These are what all
children in Palestinian school have been educated, or to be more
accurate, &amp;quot;brainwashed.&amp;quot; Not to mention the impacts from family and
society in which those children have been raised. Thus, hatred has been
deepening in all Palestinian hearts both of this generation and the
coming generation. &lt;br /&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;In responding to Palestinian
violence, Israel has established a military force and checkpoints to
limit the number of Palestinians coming to Israel. The primary
objective was to prevent terrorists. However, the presence of
humiliation during the search, suffering from long waits at
checkpoints, and soldiers&amp;#39; attacks on innocent civilians, has only
brought more hatred among them(The Nation, 2008, p. 9A).&lt;br /&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;It is ironic that a supposed city of peace is actually the
most contentious city on earth. Numerous peace plans have been made but
then were collapsed. The hatred between Israelis and Palestinians has
been strongly expressed though violation, and each has clearly stated
that they are the only group whom Jerusalem belongs to. This contention
has accumulated over a long period of time and it is getting worse. It
is useless to force them to live together. No such plans have ever
worked and will never work. At least they have given it a try,
nevertheless. There is always a light in the dark, I believe. When the
darkness disappears, the light would shine. Even though I have
concluded that the Jews and Palestinians will never co-exist together
in Jerusalem, I always wish that I have been wrong. Let the light shine
and the city of peace becomes real.&lt;/font&gt;</description></item><item><title>Please proofread my essay</title><link>http://www.englishforums.com/English/PleaseProofreadMyEssay/gdwkv/post.htm</link><pubDate>Sat, 24 May 2008 10:58:28 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="true">946f00bb-57d3-4b7b-a9a2-059b5341af52:518351</guid><dc:creator>swedishgirl</dc:creator><description>My name is Kristina and I would really appreciate some help to proofread my essay on workers&amp;#39; conditions in the garment industry in India. Any help would be very much appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kristina&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338945"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199325533"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199325461"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199137718"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;What Civil Society
Does to Make&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;

&lt;a name="_Toc199338946"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199325534"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199325462"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199137719"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;the Garment Industry
Fairer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc198025694"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338947"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199325535"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199325463"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199137720"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;A
Minor Field Study Conducted in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Tirupur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; about the Conditions in the
Garment Industry and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338948"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199325536"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199325464"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199137721"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;How
Civil Society Actors Work to Improve Them&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;a name="_Toc199338950"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;1 &lt;span&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338951"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc196800871"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.1 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;International Trade&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;International
trade is growing and so is global inequality. The profit from international
trade tend to be divi&lt;/span&gt;ded in an unfair way, where countries and companies
in the North earn money because of the fact that producers in the South work
under poor conditions and with a salary that is not enough to support the
workers and their families.&lt;span&gt; According to classical free trade theory each country should produce and
export products that they are relatively good at producing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, so called comparative
advantage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. They
should then trade with other countries that are relatively good at producing other
products&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; a win-win situation. But in
reality international trade is rather a win-lose situation where trade produces
poverty for one part and wealth for one part, instead of wea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;lth for both parts.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref1" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;This way the growing
international trade has produced greater inequality instead of equality.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ankie &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Hoogvelt describ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;es how&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; factories &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;today &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;can be &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;built&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; in almost any part of the world because of the low cost of
transporting products and information about them. This has led to that
companies place their industries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; where it is cost-competitive. In the post-Fordist&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; society Hoogvelt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; describes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; itâs no longer the workers
that buy the products &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
factory &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;they
work in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;produces.
To pay the workers a decent wage is thus not necessary for their own market&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, as itâ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;s in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;North&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. This might have a huge
impact on the workersâ conditions in places &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;that&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; export. There is a risk that they are exploited just to give
companies in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;North&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
world higher profit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref2" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; is one of the countries in
the South that is exporting to the Northâs markets. One major export item is
garments. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The readymade garment sector is a sector in which &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
is seen to have a high degree of comparative advantage. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Here &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; can compete with low wages
and cheap prices. But this is possible due to bad working conditions that
wouldnât be accepted in factories in the North. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Today, product life cycle for garments has decreased
as consumers in the North buy clothes more often due to more cheap clothes
available. This has lead to that modern garment brands have to be flexible.
Therefore they tend to outsource garment manufacturing to independent
factories, rather than having their own factories. This has lead to a relation
between the brands and factories that is characterized by:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;âA fast time to market;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Few vertically-integrated
relationships (i.e. between brands and their suppliersâ suppliers);&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Downward price pressure as
brands strive to meet the needs of discount retailers; and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Short-term relationships as
brands move sourcing around to find lower prices.â&lt;span&gt; &lt;a name="_ftnref3" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;These factors have had a negative impact on
workersâ conditions, as improved conditions arenât a priority.&lt;a name="_ftnref4" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc196800874"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;In the
1990s the first âsweatshopâ scandals where exposed by labour rights groups.&lt;span&gt; âSweatshopsâ is a term used for garment
factories that violate human rights by low wages, long working hours and/or
inhumane working conditions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
The first accusations against global garment brands were met by denial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
of responsibility&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; by the global
brands&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. They meant that &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;they couldnât be held responsible&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; for the working conditions in factories
they didnât own. But labour right groups continued their work and eventually
managed to get garment brands to include labour standards i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;nto their sourcing requirements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref5" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Consumers
have also gained awareness about the conditions in the garment industry and have
begun to demand improvements by the global brands.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref6" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.englishforums.com/emoticons/emotion-14.gif" alt="Devil" title="Devil" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Most large brands have now
introduced âcodes of conductâ to ensure that their suppliers follow certain
labour standards.&lt;a name="_ftnref7" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span&gt;The&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;se codes are voluntarily
adopted and are used to show the consumers &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;what &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;the c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ompany does to take social responsibility. S&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;upporters see codes of
conduct as an alternative for civil society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; to protect workersâ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; rights.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref8" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.englishforums.com/emoticons/emotion-29.gif" alt="Music" title="Music" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; This should be done through
the market power of informed consumers. A basic problem with codes of conduct
is that the workers are usually not being heard in the process. Also, it is &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;difficult to control&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; if the codes are followed
by the producers. The codes are also often too vague to make a real difference.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref9" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;There are also laws in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; that regulate the
conditions for garment workers. The laws prohibit too long working hours, child
labour, bounded labour etc. The problem is that it seems like they are not
always followed by the factories.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref10" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Trade unions and Non Governmental
Organizations (NGOs) in India
are also working to improve the conditions for workers in the garment industry.&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Trade unions can make
improvements through strikes and collective bargaining. Unfortunately, the
possibilities for trade unions to influence are limited. Most workers are not
members of any trade union. For the workers it can be a risk to join unions as
threats and harassments occur. Also, in many factories trade unions are not
permitted. Another aspect is that trade unions in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; are political and thus
enforces their members to decide and show which political party they support.
Corruption and too few employed is a reason that itâs difficult for the unions
to live up to their promises. That in turn makes worker trust less in that the
unions can make a difference. NGOs can influence in different ways; through
information campaigns addressing consumers or politicians or through more
direct help to the workers like education and information about their rights.
For local NGOs, a problem can be that they canât address the overlaying
structures like international competition.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Fair t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;rade is an&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;other&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; initiative to reduce unfair trade relations. Itâs built upon
the assumption that there are consumers who are willing to pay a higher price
if that gives the workers better conditions. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The hope is that fair trade can be a way to avoid the
problems that NGOs and trade union face as well as the problems with codes of
conduct.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref11" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;But there are still reports about bad conditions for
the workers in the garment industry in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. Both excessive working
hours, child labour and bounded labour has been found in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; by Fair Wear Foundation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref12" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; There is thus a need to
understand what possibilities and problems different actors have to improve the
conditions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338952"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc196800875"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Aim and research questions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The
aim of this essay is to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;understand the ways civil society work to improve the
workersâ conditions in the garment industry. This is done by &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;find&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; out what the workersâ
conditions in the garment industry are like and what is being done to improve
these conditions so that the trade will be fairer. The research questions are:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Are the conditions in the garment industry in Tirupur
statutory and fair? Are the workers satisfied with the current conditions?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;What possibilities and problems are there for civil society
actors in Tirupur to improve the workersâ conditions?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;These
questions are interesting in different ways. There is a lack of studies
comparing different ways of working to improve the workersâ conditions in the
garment industry. The answers can help us understand by whom workersâ condition
issues are addressed, what problems they have and how the problems can be
overcome.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338953"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc196800876"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.3 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Delimitations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;To
answer my questions I &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
conduct&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; a field study in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Tirupur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; is one of the biggest
garment exporters, and Tirupur is a main city for producing garments. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;M&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;y essay will be delimited to
the situation in Tirupur. However, I hope to be able to draw some general
conclusions about the garment industry. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;I will delimit my research to
present time, and to some extent the future. I will also delimit my studies to
the export industry, leaving out the factories producing for the local market.
I also delimit my research to actors within civil society (even though I use a
broad definition). I donât discuss, for example, politiciansâ possibilities to
influence. Iâve also limited my research to the local civil society in Tirupur,
excluding global and international civil society actors.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The essay focuses on what is
currently being done to improve the workersâ conditions rather than what could
or should be done.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338954"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;1.4 &lt;span&gt;About
the Garment Industry in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; and Tirupur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;A big share of the garments produced in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
is being made in the state of Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu is situated in the most
southern end of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.
The most important garment producing region in Tamil Nadu is &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Coimbatore&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
district, in which we find Tirupur. More than 80% of the garments produced in
Tirupur are made for export. Numbers from the year 2000 te&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;lls
that 28.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2% of the total Indian apparel export is made in Tirupur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref13" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The garment industry is very
much visible in Tirupur. There are approximately 4000 factories in Tirupur;
many of them rather small. Hundreds of thousands of people are currently
working in the garment industry in Tirupur. All over the city textiles and
garments are transported between the different units in the process. The
garments produced in Tirupur are mainly knitted garments. The first step in the
process is to purchase yarn and then knit the yarn into cloth. This is done in
a knitting unit. After that, the cloth will be transported to a dying unit (if
dying is needed) for dying. After that the cloth wil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;l
go through the compacting &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;process where the cloth will be
dried and straightened. The next step is the production unit where the cloth is
cut, stitched, labelled, checked, ironed and packed. If needed, the garments
will also be taken to printing units, embroidery units, washing units&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,
compacting units&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; etc. Finally the garments are shipped to their
destination.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref14" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338955"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc196800877"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.5 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Outline of the Thesis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc196800878"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;After this introduction about the
problem of this essay and the situation in &lt;span&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; and Tirupur I will answer my research
question one at the time. Iâll first present the methods I used to answer the
question and then continue with the theoretical background and the results.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338956"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;2 Are the
Conditions in the Garment Industry Statutory and Fair&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338957"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;2.1 How to
Answer the Question&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338958"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;2.1.1
Field Study&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;I gathered my
empirical material during an eight weeks long field study in Tirupur, one of
the main cities for producing garments in India, situated in the state of Tamil
Nadu in southern India. The field study was conducted in January to March 2008.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338959"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;2.1.2
Interviews&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Most of the empirical
material about the current working conditions was gathered through interviews.
One advantage by using interviews, rather than handing out question forms, is
to have a possibility to get unexpected results. Interviews also give a
possibility to follow-up questions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref15" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; All interviews were semi-structured with some issues that I
wanted to discuss and some questions I wanted answered, but with room for
follow-up questions and for the interviewed to address issues they found
important.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;M&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;y study was not big enough to make a representative selection
from the population of workers that I was interested in. Because of that I also
used material from local and international NGOs to find out what the workersâ
conditions where like. But I also conducted 29 interviews with workers and four
with management representatives (usually the owner). The interviews was a way for
me to not only find out what the conditions are for the workers but also what
both the workers and the management feel needs to be changed and who they
believe can make that change. These interviews are not claimed to be
statistically representative but rather a way of finding the views and
attitudes among the workers and owners. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The interviews with the
workers are mainly of a respondent character but also contain some informant
elements. I made the selection of workers so that I would interview workers
both inside and outside the factories, because interviewing workers only inside
the factories could give biased answers as the workers wouldnât want to loose
their jobs. On the other hand, if interviewing only workers outside the
factories it would leave out the workers that stay in the factoriesâ
accommodations. Still there is a need to be aware of that the workers might be
afraid to say too bad things about the factory where they are working, in fear
of loosing their jobs. Here, there is an advantage to not only get information
from workers but also NGOs and trade unions. Also I interviewed workers with
different job descriptions and skills and also in different kinds of units, to
get as great variation in the answers as possible. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The management representatives
also came from different kinds of units, of different sizes. But also the
owners might have reasons for twisting their answers. They&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; may see me as a potential buyer and thus tell me what they
think I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; would like to hear as a
buyer, even though I made clear that I was there as a student. The reason for
interviewing workers and owners of different kinds was to reach theoretical
satiation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Iâve
also interviewed one trade union leader and one NGO representative about the
workersâ conditions, to get a broader view.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;One m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ethodological problem regarding interviews with especially
workers but also one of the owner is that I &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;need&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; to use an interpreter, as most workers in the garment
industry are uneducated and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;donât&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; speak English. I &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;tried&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; to reduce these problems by using interpreters that speak
good English and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;were&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; non-biased. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;Also,
unfortunately, I didnât have the chance to interview workers in a fair trade
certified factory. This means that the fair trade standards I will use to
compare with the non-fair trade factories are not verified if they exist in
reality or not. However, these standards can form &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;say something about what fair standards could be,
and thus itâs possible to examine if the conditions in the non-fair trade
factories are fair.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338960"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;2.1.3
Working condition parameters&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;To answer the first
question I first have to find out what the conditions in the garment industry
are like. To decide what to measure when it comes to workersâ conditions Iâve
used requirements by fair trade organisations as well as Indian labour laws and
ILO (International Labour Organization)âs standards. The parameters Iâve
decided to measure are:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Temporary or permanent job&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Income&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Working hours&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Maternity leave and crÃ¨ches&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Safety and Sanitation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Child labour&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Bounded labour&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Discrimination&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Freedom of association&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Using these
parameters I have asked what the workers think about the conditions. I have
also studied what has been reported by NGOs and trade unions. To some extent I
also used observation techniques. These observations were rather informal,
rather than following a predefined template.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Through
literature studies I have then examined what the Indian law says as well as
fair trade standards. The fair trade standards are used to examine if the
conditions are fair. I have then compared the laws and standards with the
current conditions. I also asked the workers if they were satisfied with these
conditions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338961"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;2.2 Indian
Law and Fair Trade Standards&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Indian law have
regulations for workersâ conditions. There are &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;also &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;different
certifications that tell what is needed for the conditions to be fair for the
workers in the garment industry.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Different
fair trade organization has their own standards for what is required of the
factories for them to be certified as fair trade producers. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Fairtrade Labelling Organisations (FLO) is
an umbrella organization for 23 member organizations. FLO develops and reviews
fair trade standards and also supports fair trade certified producers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref16" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; FLO &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;has
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;developed &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Generic Fairtrade Standards for Hired
Labour, which will be referred to as FLOs standards.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Another
certification is called Worldwide Responsible Accredited Production (WRAP).
WRAP is a non-profit organization that certificate and control factories
according to their standards. WRAP is an initiative by competitive companies
that have come together and standardized their codes and factory inspections so
that not so many different inspections by all the buyers, different NGOs etc
should be needed. One problem though is that some companies still donât want to
abandon their own company codes because of fear that the common standards
should be âwatered downâ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref17" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The
fair trade company I visited in Tirupur is certified by both FLO and WRAP. Other
companies are not obliged to follow these standards but it can offer a possible
measurement of how fair the non-fair trade certified factories are.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;However,
of course all factories should follow Indian law. In reality, though, there is
evidence that the laws are not always followed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338962"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;2.3 What
Are the Laws and Fair Trade Standards and Are They Followed? Are the Workers
Satisfied?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338963"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;2.3.1
Temporary or Permanent Jobs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;One of the most
important issues for workers in Tirupur is that they almost never get permanent
employment. According to Indian law workers should be registered according to
workers permanency act, if theyâve worked more than 240 days in the same
company. Workers also cannot officially be laid off because of lack of work if the
factory doesnât have permission of the government. If a worker has been working
in the same place for more than one year, he or she has the right to be noticed
one month in advance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref18" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;WRAP
doesnât require permanent hiring of the workforce. T&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;he FLO standards&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, though,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;require&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; that all work that is regular should be
done by permanently hired workers. Contracts that are not permanent or
sub-contracting are only allowed in peak periods, under special circumstances.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref19" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;In
Tirupur, though, long term contracts are rare. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;This is
confirmed by workers, owners, trade union and NGO. The trade union
representative I talked to feels that one of the biggest problem for the
workers is that the work is temporary, because this means that the workers
donât get regularly payment throughout the year, or sometimes even the month.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref20" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Some workers believe this
volatility is a good thing because they feel free to switch jobs whenever they
will get better paid at another factory. This goes especially for tailors and
other skilled workers. But some workers feel that it is uncertain because they
donât know if they will find another job, so theyâd prefer to have permanent
jobs. This goes for example for packing workers, as they usually have to wait
for jobs, as they are working in the last step of the production units. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;One packing worker I talked to said: âI donât earn enough
money to support my family because of the constant lack of regular workâ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref21" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The standards set up by FLO
certainly are not followed in Tirupur, neither are the laws. There are both
workers that are satisfied to not have a permanent job, and those who are not.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338964"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;2.3.2 Income&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;When it comes to incomes,
the wages donât seem to be low in relation to existing minimum agreements. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Tamil Nadu Government publishes minimum
wages for the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;garment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; industry. The numbers &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;for Tirupur varied between Rs 1500 and
1819.80/- in the year 2003, depending on how skilled the workers are.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref22" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The average monthly incomes
among the workers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; (including overtime)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; Iâve interviewed vary from 2000-9000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;/-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; rupees, but are normally
between &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-4000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;/-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; rupees. The higher salaries are for those who are in charge
of a department.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The salaries are thus often higher than the minimum wages. A
reason for this is that the minimum wages are calculated on 48 hours a week,
but many workers work more hours.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;According to SAVE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
(Social Awareness and Voluntary Education)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; normal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; income for workers in the
garment industry is between 40-150 rupees per eight hours&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, depending on &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;experience. The unskilled
workers (i.e. helpers) will get between 40-80 rupees per eight hours; the semi
skilled (i.e. checking ladies) will get 80-120 and the skilled (i.e. tailors)
will get around 150.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref23" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;This corresponds to what
workers have told me. Calculated on a monthly wage (26 days, 8 hours a day) it
means Rs 1040-3900/-. This is more or less in line with the minimum wages.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;There
are also wages agreed by Tirupur Export Association (TEA), but they donât seem
to be higher than the legal minimum wages.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref24" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The FLO standards say that the wages has to be
higher than the national laws and agreements on minimum wages or the regional
average. Payment should be made regularly.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref25" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The salaries shall also gradually be
increased to reach a âliving wageâ level that is above the regional average and
legally minimum.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref26" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; There is
also a premium paid to all fair trade factories that the workers democratically
should decide what to do with.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref27" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; For the
WRAP certificate at least the minimum compensation required by law has to be
paid. That includes wages, allowances and benefits.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref28" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Here, it seems like the conditions required by
laws and fair trade standards are quite well obeyed, even if it can be
discussed if the wages are a âliving wageâ. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Most workers say they think their salary is acceptable but
they would prefer to earn more in order to be able to support their family.
Some workers wanted to become contractors in order to earn more money.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;There are two different types of payment used:
shift rate and piece rate. The piece rate system is liked by some workers as it
gives them the possibility to work more and then get a higher salary. The
problem, though, is that not all workers are able to earn enough to make their
living.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; Piece rates also increases
the uncertainty for the workers as it makes it more difficult to know how much
the salary will be.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338965"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;2.3.3
Working Hours&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Most workers work between
8-12 hours a day, but overtime is usual, especially in peak period, when they
might work up to 24 hours a day. They work six days a week, Sundays are free. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Long
working hours is for the workers often not seen as something bad. One worker
said: âI want to work on both Sundays and other holidays, as well as overtime,
in order to earn more moneyâ. Even if an extra overtime rate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;normally
isnât paid, except for a refreshment allowance of Rs 20/- that sometimes is
given, overtime gives the workers a chance to raise their salaries. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Also,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; workers are willing to work
long hours because they donât know for how long they will have a job. Even with
long hours and low wages many workers are happy to have a job at all.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Though,
overtime is not always voluntary. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Some workers told that they
preferred to go to their native on Sundays and festival days. But s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ometimes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; workers are&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; forced to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;work overtime&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; if there is a lot of work that needs to be done.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; Also, these long working days and weeks are not compatible
with Indian law. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Workers
are not allowed to work more than 48 hours a week, nor more than &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;twelve&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
hours a day&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; for men and nine
for women. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Women&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
should not be allowed to work after &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;7 p.m.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; or before &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;6 p.m.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; because they need time for domestic duties.
However, the government can give a special permission allowing a woman to work
until &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10
 p.m.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; and after &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5 a.m.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Workers
shall be given one day off every week.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref29" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; It is also stated in the law that a special
overtime rate should be paid. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;In
Tamil &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Nadu the overtime rate
for s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;cheduled employment is
double the ordinary rate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref30" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;None
of this is followed in the factories I visited in Tirupur. This is recognized
also by the owners.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;According to WRAPs
principles working hours must follow local law. One day a week should be off if
work is not required because of urgent business needs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref31" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; This is more or less followed in Tirupur,
as work on Sundays is usually voluntary and only forced when needed because of
orders that need to be finished urgently. FLO standards, though, are stricter.
Except for demanding 48 hours working weeks and one day off it also demands
that overtime should be voluntary and mustnât exceed 12 hours a week. Also,
overtime shouldnât be regular and has to be compensated at a premium rate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref32" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; Especially the demands of a premium rate
and voluntary overtime are rarely followed in Tirupur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Here, a conflict between
the laws and fair trade regulations that requires limited working hours on the
on hand, and the workers that wants to work long hours in order to earn more
money on the other hand. However, itâs not the long working hours the workers
really want but this is their way to increase their salaries.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338966"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;2.3.4 Maternity
Leave and CrÃ¨ches&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The workers normally donât
get paid for maternity leave and there are no crÃ¨ches available at the
factories. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The fact that crÃ¨ches are not
available is usually not a big problem for the workers. Even though there are
women that would like to use a crÃ¨che if it was available, many prefer to solve
babysitting in other ways. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Many children donât &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;even &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;live in Tirupur, but in
villages far away. Also there is a tradition that the children is taken care of
by the family, i.e. the grandmother&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;As the workers usually are
hired temporary itâs also no problem to get time off for taking care of
infants, but they will not be given any money&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref33" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The
Indian law requires that factories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
with more than 30 women employed have a crÃ¨che for children below the age of 6
years. The crÃ¨che should be in a sanitary condition, supervised by a woman who
is trained to take care of children.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref34" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; Maternity benefit payments should be paid at the rate of the
average daily wage.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref35" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The
WRAP principles donât mention maternity leave or crÃ¨ches but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;the
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;FLO standards allow no less
than eight weeks of fully paid maternity leave. Also, if the company gives a
shorter time of maternity leave than 12 weeks, the time of leave must be
increased every year by one week until the 12 weeks is reached.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref36" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[36]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;. This requirement is far from fulfilled in
the factories in Tirupur. Maternity payment benefits would be a help for many
women in Tirupur but crÃ¨ches are usually not asked for.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338967"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;2.3.5
Safety and Sanitation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;According to Indian
law&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;here
should be first aid kits, clean and hygienic toilets and drinking water
available&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; in the factories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. There should be sufficient light, fresh
air and dust removal. If the factory has more than 150 workers there should be
a rest room and if there are more than 250 workers there should be a canteen in
the factory.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref37" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The
FLO standards requires a workplace that is as safe as possible with warning
signs showing risk areas, safety instructions, safety devices for all hazardous
machinery, safety equipment and safe storage for chemical spraying. There
should be first aid facilities, equipment and training. Also potable water and
clean sanitary facilities must be available for the workers. There should be
appropriate lightning, heating and ventilation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref38" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[38]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Some factories in Tirupur
have first aid kits, but itâs notably that a knitting unit with potentially
dangerous machines didnât have a first aid kit. This was excused by the owner
by the fact that there was a nearby hospital.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref39" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[39]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; Toilets are available but it seems like light and dust
removing isnât always sufficient. The workers didnât express concerned about
safety and sanitation issues.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338968"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;2.3.6
Child Labour&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The number of children
working in the garment industry in Tirupur is decreasing, especially in the
export industry. I didnât meet any child labourers or workers that knew of
children working in the same factory as them. But itâs estimated that there are
still 10000 children working in the garment industry in Tirupur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref40" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[40]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Child labour is rare in the registered export
units in Tirupur. But according to the Factory Officials itâs prevalent in
unregistered garment units. The children working are usually between 12 and 14
years old. It can be difficult to tell the age of the children as birth
registers do not exist. In major companies child workers are rarely hired
except in peak seasons but some smaller companies hire them more regularly. The
biggest share of child &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;labour&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; is found in subcontracting shops or in homework situations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref41" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[41]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Indian
law bans the employment of children below the age of 14 years in specified
occupations and processes, including cloth printing, dyeing and weaving. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;In other occupations child labour is
permitted, but the working hours are limited. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Child workers are not allowed to work more than three hours a
day and not between &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;7 p.m.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;8 a.m.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref42" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[42]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The
FLO doesnât allow children under the age of 15 years.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref43" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[43]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; WRAP doesnât allow workers under the age of
14 or under the age that interrupt compulsory schooling, or under the legal
minimum age, whichever is greater.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref44" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[44]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;It
seems like the law and fair trade standards are not followed on this issue. As
I didnât get the possibility to speak to any child labourer I wasnât able to
get their views.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338969"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;2.3.7
Bounded Labour&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;While international
garment buyers nowadays usually donât want child &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;labourers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; in the
factories producing their garments, the producers have found a new vulnerable
group to exploit. Young women, usually between 14-18 years old, living in the
Southern part of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; is picked by the garment factories for a
three year contract. After 3 years the girls will be given between Rs
300-400/-, money they need to pay wedding dowries. Wedding dowries are
formally forbidden in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; but is still common. The girls will get
free accommodation and food and Rs 75/- a day. They will normally not be
allowed to leave the accommodation. This restricted mobility itself can be seen
as a form of bounded labour. The girls will work long hours and will not be
given any compensation for overtime. They are also not able to leave the
factories as they will then loose the bonus paid at the end of the three years.
Another scheme gives the girl a small sum every month and the parents are given
a bigger sum every year. For both schemes one problem is that the girls often
are fired just before the bigger sum is about to be paid and will thus not be
given the money.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref45" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[45]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The young women have
usually not worked in factories before and donât know about their rights. Because
of that they are likely to be exploited.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref46" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[46]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Indian
law&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, however,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; prohibits all forms of bounded labour. Also
forced overtime is seen as a form of bounded labour. To take advantage of
someoneâs social and economic circumstances is also seen as bounded labour,
when it gives the person no other choice.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref47" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[47]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The
FLO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; and WRAP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; doesnât allow forced or bounded labour in
their factories.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref48" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[48]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; Here, there is still a distance between the
law and reality. Unfortunately, I couldnât get in touch with any of the women
with these kinds of contracts to get their view.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338970"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;2.3.8 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Discrimination&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The law says that
the same wage should be paid for the same job for both men and women.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref49" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[49]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The
FLO standards tells that no discrimination based on race, colour, sex,
religion, political opinion, national extraction or social origin is allowed in
a fair trade factory.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref50" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[50]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; According to WRAP principles workers should
not be employed, paid, promoted and terminated on basis of personal
characteristics but on their work abilities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref51" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[51]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;To some extent
these laws and standards are followed in Tirupur. The salaries in Tirupur are
not based on sex, caste, origin or any other significant differences, but on
skills. However, some jobs are almost exclusively for men or for women. Women
are unusual as knitting machine operators. But almost only women are doing the
checking of the clothes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Some workers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; told me
that only men worked as supervisors and managers in their factories. But in
other factories both men and women were supervisors.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; There seem to be a pattern, though, that
women often have the positions with lower salaries.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338971"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;2.3.9
Freedom of Association&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;In more than 70% of the
garment factories in Tirupur there are no trade unions or employeeâs
association. Together the trade unions claim to have 30% of the workers as
members. Th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;at&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; number &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;is by other researchers
found to be too high&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. Workers are often not
allowed to form unions inside the factories. Some workers fear to be seen as a
union member as it might make them less popular among employers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref52" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[52]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Many workers I talked to are
not members of any trade union. Some say they are happy with their work, if
they would have any problem they might join. Some simply said that they are not
interested in joining a union.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; One worker said that itâs
better to talk directly to the owner than going through a trade union.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref53" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[53]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; Others believe the trade unions are too political. Also one
owner believed that the trade unions are too political. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;He&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; claim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; that the trade unions are
creating problems, instead of solving them, in order to win political points.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref54" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[54]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; Some workers also told me that trade unions were not allowed
in the factory they worked in. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;One worker that was a member
of a trade union said his reason for being a member was that they told that
they could increase the salaries.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref55" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[55]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;According
to Indian law, any worker above 15 years can become a trade union member.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref56" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[56]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;According
to the FLO standards, both workers and employers should be free to join any
organization they choose. Workers should not be discriminated for joining
unions. Workers should also be trained about their legal rights and duties.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref57" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[57]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;WRAP
requires that workers have freedom of association and collective bargaining.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref58" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[58]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Here, the reason for not
joining trade unions is not only that the workers fear reprisals, in many cases
the workers donât want to join the unions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338972"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;2.4
Concluding Remarks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Itâs been shown in
this chapter that there are a number of labour laws that are not followed by
the garment industry in Tirupur. The fair trade standards are usually stricter
and are thus followed to an even less extent. One of the major issues for many
workers is that they donât have permanent employments and that itâs difficult
to get a salary high enough to support their families. I will now proceed to
see what different civil society actors are doing in order to improve these
conditions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338973"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;3 What Possibilities
and Problems Are There For Civil Society Actors to Improve Workersâ Conditions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338974"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;3.1 How to
Answer the Question&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;To answer the
second question I need to define what civil society is. I will use a broad
definition to include all possible actors, as explained in the next section. I
also give a theoretical and empirical background to the possibilities and
problems for the civil society actors to influence. Based on the findings in
the previous chapter about workersâ condition not being statutory and fair Iâll
present how civil society actors work to improve the conditions, and how they
overcome the problems. For this I will use the interviews with civil society
actors that were conducted during my field study in Tirupur. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338975"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;3.1.1
Interviews&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;I interviewed one
trade union leader, one NGO representative and one fair trade factory chief
manager. I made my selection so that I interviewed the only or the most
important organisation/union/company. There is only one NGO currently active in
Tirupur so I couldnât conduct more interviews with NGOs. Unfortunately I didnât
have the possibility to meet more than one trade union representative, but as I
met a representative from the biggest trade union I still believe itâs possible
to draw conclusions about the problems and possibilities for trade unions.
Also, I couldnât find more than one fair trade certified company in Tirupur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;I wanted to interview
workers in the fair trade factory I visited but I was not able to get the permission
on time. The fact that permission was needed might on the other hand say
something itself, about the openness of the factory. Also, it wasnât possible
to find the workers from the fair trade factory outside the factory as they
were provided free accommodation by the company.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The
interviews I conducted were informant interviews. I found some of the
informants by using so called snowball selection, where the informants got me
in touch with other informants. The informants have to be criticised according
to time, dependence, authenticity and tendency.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref59" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[59]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; Time shouldnât be a big problem as Iâm
asking about what they are doing right now rather than in the past. Also
authenticity isnât a big issue to discuss as there is nothing to indicate that
the persons I interviewed not are the ones they told me. When it comes to
dependency I have tried to overcome the potential problem by asking all
informants about each other so that I get not only their own story but also
othersâ views. When it comes to tendency there might be problems with all
informants as they all have their own agendas that might affect their answers. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The trade unions have a political agenda that might make them
want the problems to seem bigger than they are, and so might NGOs. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The fair trade factory representative has reasons to make his
factory appear better than it is.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; With this in mind&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; and by putting the answers
from the different actors together&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; it still can be possible to draw conclusions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338976"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;3.2 Civil
Society Definition&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;I need to define what civil
society means in this essay because the term &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;is a vague concept as there is no consensus over what it
really means. I will use a broad definition to include many parts of society,
and then evaluate what good they can do &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;to
improve the workersâ conditions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. I will argue for an
inclusion of NGOs and trade unions in the concept and also discuss how fair
trade firms could be included in the concept. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338977"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;3.2.1 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;An
Inclusive Definition&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Gordon White p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;resents a definition that he says is widely
used, defining civil society as âan intermediate associational realm between
the state and family populated by organizations which are separate from the
state, enjoy autonomy in relation to the state and are formed voluntarily by
members of society to protect or extend their interests or values&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;â. Gordon White also points out that a wider definition of
civil society is more useful in developing societies as it better capture the
diverse associational life and gives&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; a more complete picture. Then one can distinguish between
different &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;organizations within civil
society.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref60" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;[60]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;I will include as many actors as possible into
my research and then evaluate their ways to change the workersâ conditions in
Tirupur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. I will thus
make a broader definition than the one cited above, so as not to risk that
important actors will be excluded. This means that I will study organizations
whether they are âformed voluntarily by members of society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;â or&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
rather forced from the outside.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338978"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;3.2.2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Trade
Unions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;There may be a problem to
include trade unions in Tirupur in civil society as they are closely linked to
political parties and thus could be seen as actors outside civil society and
instead parts of the state sphere. For example, for Philippe Schmitter, as
presented by Whitehead, independency from public authorities is essential.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref61" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;[61]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; But&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; as Neer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;a Chandhoke puts it, itâs impossible for civil society to be
autonomous from the state because the state both enables civil society to exist
and supports it at the same time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; as the state can limit what civil society is allowed to do.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref62" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;[62]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; When you look at it that way&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; there &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;is no such thing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; as total autonomy from the
state. I will thus use an integrative concept where civil society is a part of
the political system and there can be no clear division between civil society and
the stat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;e. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;There is also a tendency that trade unions with loyalties to
different parties reproduce the tension and competition existing between the
political parties they are connected to. Even if there are co-operation and
common agendas at times the different trade unions tend to compete with each
other even though they share the same interests.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref63" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;[63]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; This might &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; a problem in Tirupur with trade unions linked to different
political parties.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc199338979"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;3.2.3 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Private
Businesses and Non-profit Organizations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;When it comes to the
discussion if fair trade firms themselves should be counted as a part of civil
society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; Annette JÃ¼nemann points out that private busine