As titled, could you tell me which phrase implies a longer time? Thanks a lot.

Thank you, Philip. Can I just say: Hereby certified. I hereby certify the above The above is hereby certified by me These sound more natural to me than trying to use it .

I am translating a certificate into English. At the end of the document, I met something which I would like to translate like this: Hereby certify it. Or Hereby certified. Which one is normal? Or do you have better one? Thanks.

I always get confused about such phrases involving "of". So, could you tell me what exactly "of" means here? Thanks.

1. Must it be an original document? 2. Does it have to be an original document? Can you tell me which is better?

Thank you all guys very much. So, by my understanding, I should say "an alternative method to solve this problem is this .." Is this right?

Could you tell me what's the difference between the two words as adjective? Thanks.

IMHO, what's it stand for? Thanks.

If someone says like this with this tone, do you think there is a possibility of requesting making an exeception? Thanks.

"stiff to me" I like this wording. Yes, Mr. W, I will take your suggestion. I learned a lot of written English from letters sent to me by government. I guess that's my problem. It should be "First, please let me brief you on