pardom? american don't use it "gotta"? i saw it on the harrpy potter and sorcerer's stone while i was reading

i had known about that gonna = going to gotta = ?

hi, i couldn't find it in a dictionary what it does means gotcha = got + something ? any help would be appreciated

thank you Serge Ant , rishonly i got it for your helping

hi, i couldn't find it in a dictionary that it's "gotcha" means gotcha = got + something? any help would be appreciated

hi can i use both in the following sentence we went switzerland four times during(while) 1976's what's the different between a during and a while? thx in advance

hi i have a question about those words meaning e.g they have a same book includ me? or contain me? which one is a correct among of them? thanks in advance

sarah, you look like a typical american

he is a tall as i have known about him

im wonder if its same things to talk about time for instance : you must to go to the party by 07:00 you must to go to the party until 07:00 sorry my broken english anyway are there same thing between "by" and "until" thanks in advance